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	<title type="text">Cory Zapatka | The Verge</title>
	<subtitle type="text">The Verge is about technology and how it makes us feel. Founded in 2011, we offer our audience everything from breaking news to reviews to award-winning features and investigations, on our site, in video, and in podcasts.</subtitle>

	<updated>2025-01-28T20:36:05+00:00</updated>

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		<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>Cory Zapatka</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[How Silicon Valley enabled Theranos to run wild]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/15/22834892/elizabeth-holmes-theranos-trial-investors-money" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/15/22834892/elizabeth-holmes-theranos-trial-investors-money</id>
			<updated>2025-01-28T10:39:34-05:00</updated>
			<published>2021-12-15T09:00:00-05:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Featured Videos" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Health" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Law" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Policy" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Report" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Science" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Tech" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[As the trial of Elizabeth Holmes comes to a close, many questions have surfaced about what &#8212; or who &#8212; enabled Theranos to rise to such heights. As charismatic and ambitious as Holmes was, none of her success would have been possible without the nearly $945 million in funds she received from notable investors like [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<img alt="" data-caption="" data-portal-copyright="" data-has-syndication-rights="1" src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/23098188/VRG_VFE_Theranos_Trial_01_Textless.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" />
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<p>As the trial of Elizabeth Holmes comes to a close, many questions have surfaced about what &mdash; or who &mdash; enabled Theranos to rise to such heights. As charismatic and ambitious as Holmes was, none of her success would have been possible without the nearly $945 million in funds she received from notable investors like <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/04/health/theranos-investors-murdoch-devos-walmart.html">Rupert Murdoch or the Walton family</a>.</p>

<p>It&rsquo;s not unusual for investors to blindly place their money into companies with <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/04/technology/theranos-elizabeth-holmes-investors-diligence.html">little to no knowledge of their technology</a>. But when those companies end up on trial for more fraud charges than you can count on two hands, <em>who is to blame</em>?</p>

<p>In the first episode of a three-part series, we look into the culture surrounding venture capital investors in Silicon Valley and what role they may have played&nbsp;in enabling the very fraud that Holmes allegedly conducted.</p>
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					</entry>
			<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>Jeanette Moreland</name>
			</author>
			
			<author>
				<name>Cory Zapatka</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[This alien-like metal may one day power your electronics]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/18/22537052/bismuth-alien-metal-electronics-green-energy-clean" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/18/22537052/bismuth-alien-metal-electronics-green-energy-clean</id>
			<updated>2025-01-28T10:39:45-05:00</updated>
			<published>2021-06-18T10:00:00-04:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Featured Videos" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Science" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Bismuth is a heavy, brittle metal that forms colorful geometric crystals when melted and then slowly cooled. It&#8217;s most commonly known as a main ingredient in Pepto Bismol &#8212; less commonly known as bismuth subsalicylate. And someday soon, it might be used to help power your electronics. Scientists like Robert Hoye, a lecturer in the [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<p>Bismuth is a heavy, brittle metal that forms colorful geometric crystals when melted and then slowly cooled. It&rsquo;s most commonly known as a main ingredient in Pepto Bismol &mdash; less commonly known as bismuth subsalicylate. And someday soon, it might be used to help power your electronics.</p>

<p>Scientists like <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/r.hoye">Robert Hoye</a>, a lecturer in the department of materials at Imperial College London, are using bismuth-based compounds in photovoltaics &mdash; materials that convert light into energy. Bismuth has unique electronic properties that not only make it a good candidate for solar cells, but make it great for <em>indoor</em> use &mdash; a place where traditional photovoltaics don&rsquo;t perform too well. That means it might one day replace the need for batteries in billions of indoor electronics, like home sensors and health monitors, says Hoye.</p>

<p>Aside from its ability to absorb light, bismuth makes for an ideal battery replacement because it&rsquo;s <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/07/170718113713.htm">completely nontoxic</a>. Unlike other metals which can harm people and the environment, bismuth is benign. If it ends up in a landfill, it won&rsquo;t leach toxic metals into soil and water &mdash; a real problem with current electronics that contain metals such as lead, cadmium, and tellurium.</p>

<p><em>Verge</em> <em>Science</em> brought some raw bismuth to Staten Island&rsquo;s MakerSpace to grow some other-worldly crystals, and we spoke to Robert Hoye about the exciting future possibilities for this unique and often under-appreciated element. Watch our latest video above to see what we discovered.</p>
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									</content>
			
					</entry>
			<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>Cory Zapatka</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[How the coronavirus hitches a ride around your life]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/science/2020/3/19/21185871/coronavirus-covid-19-cdc-social-distancing-quarantine-recommendations-experiment" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/science/2020/3/19/21185871/coronavirus-covid-19-cdc-social-distancing-quarantine-recommendations-experiment</id>
			<updated>2025-01-28T12:57:28-05:00</updated>
			<published>2020-03-19T10:35:37-04:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Featured Videos" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Report" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Science" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Like millions of others right now, we on the Verge Science video team are hunkered down in our homes to help slow the spread of COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus. This presents some obvious difficulties for video production: what do you film when you can&#8217;t leave the house? Tricky as it is, [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<p>Like millions of others right now, we on the <em>Verge</em> Science video team are hunkered down in our homes to help slow the spread of COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus. This presents some obvious difficulties for video production: what do you film when you can&rsquo;t leave the house?</p>

<p>Tricky as it is, we&rsquo;re committed to getting scrappy with our circumstances. So I whipped up a small demonstration that doesn&rsquo;t require a studio or co-workers. Step one: get a powder called Glo Germ, which sticks to hands, faces, and other surfaces and also glows under ultraviolet light. This will be my stand-in for virus particles. Step two: put some powder on my hands, and go about my normal business in my apartment. Step three: retrace my steps and see just how far and wide my faux-contamination has spread.</p>

<p>Check out the video above to see the results and learn more about the science behind all of those public health recommendations regarding handwashing and surface-cleaning. And follow along with <em>The Verge</em>&rsquo;s <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/12/21175486/coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-cases-outbreak-guide-information-who-cdc">guide to the COVID-19 pandemic</a> for our latest reporting.</p>
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									</content>
			
					</entry>
			<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>Cory Zapatka</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[The chaotic industry behind the insulin I need to live]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/19/20966695/insulin-industry-diabetic-type-1-drug-price-cost-manufacturing-access" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/19/20966695/insulin-industry-diabetic-type-1-drug-price-cost-manufacturing-access</id>
			<updated>2025-01-28T12:57:38-05:00</updated>
			<published>2019-11-19T10:00:00-05:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Featured Videos" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Health" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Science" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[In the winter of 2005, I was so severely underweight and starved of energy that I went to great lengths to provide my body with any source of sugar. That included chugging a brilliant cocktail of Skittles dissolved in warm water. My sisters thought it was gross. As I sipped my drink, we watched Law [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<p>In the winter of 2005, I was so severely underweight and starved of energy that I went to great lengths to provide my body with any source of sugar. That included chugging a brilliant cocktail of Skittles dissolved in warm water. My sisters thought it was gross. As I sipped my drink, we watched <em>Law &amp; Order: SVU</em> on television, but my vision was so blurry that I could barely make out which characters were which. Their voices helped. Later that night, I was jerked awake in my bed by simultaneous charley horses in each of my legs. My calf muscles were so contracted that my feet flipped up towards my face, something you only see in exorcism scenes from horror films. And, just like in <em>The Exorcist</em>, I wet myself. This wasn&rsquo;t the first time in the past week that this all happened. It was the fourth.</p>

<p>Something was truly wrong with me.</p>

<p>The next day, my pediatrician pricked my finger and applied a tiny drop of blood onto her hospital-grade glucometer, a device that measures how much sugar is coursing through my veins. The display showed 896. I asked her what it should read. &ldquo;One hundred&rdquo; she replied after a long pause. &ldquo;You have Type 1 diabetes.&rdquo; I was told I was hours away from a coma. My father rushed me to the hospital.</p>

<p>If this had happened a century earlier, it would have been a death sentence. But today, living with Type 1 diabetes is possible, thanks to one thing: insulin. My body wasn&rsquo;t producing enough of the hormone, which helps convert sugars into energy, and that meant that I needed an assist from artificially produced insulin. Just weeks after my 15th birthday, I started a daily regimen of three to four insulin injections coupled with upwards of 10 finger pricks per day to monitor my blood glucose.</p>

<p>Fifteen years later, diabetes management has improved beyond my wildest dreams. Syringes have been swapped out with insulin pumps, and finger pricks have been replaced with sensors embedded under the skin. But my insulin? That has pretty much stayed the same. And that&rsquo;s <em>fine &mdash;&nbsp;</em>except for the fact that the price of that same insulin has <a href="https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/6/1299">nearly tripled</a> since I first started using it.</p>
<img src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/19387996/Graph_image.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" alt="" title="" data-has-syndication-rights="1" data-caption="&lt;em&gt;Mean expenditure per patient for insulin, 2002-2013&lt;/em&gt; | Data: &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2510902&quot;&gt;JAMA&lt;/a&gt;" data-portal-copyright="Data: &lt;a href=&quot;https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2510902&quot;&gt;JAMA&lt;/a&gt;" />
<p>There is a whole lot of finger-pointing and reasons why &mdash; from <a href="https://gh.bmj.com/content/3/5/e000850">lack of competition</a> to <a href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/statement-fda-commissioner-scott-gottlieb-md-agencys-continued-efforts-bring-competition-insulin">fuzzy legal hurdles</a> surrounding the approval of next-generation drugs &mdash; but all of these reasons have led to nearly half of the world&rsquo;s diabetic population <a href="https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/97/5/18-217612/en/">without proper access to the drug</a>. When that happens, diabetics are forced to ration their insulin, and some are even trying to manufacture insulin themselves.</p>

<p>In honor of <a href="https://www.diabetes.org/">National Diabetes Month</a>, <em>Verge</em> Science&rsquo;s latest video takes a look at the issues surrounding insulin and what might be in store for the drug &mdash;&nbsp;and for people like me who rely on it every day &mdash; in the years to come.</p>
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					</entry>
			<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>Cory Zapatka</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[How we proved this tiny rock came from space]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/6/20754931/micrometeorite-space-rock-matter-neodymium-magnet" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/6/20754931/micrometeorite-space-rock-matter-neodymium-magnet</id>
			<updated>2025-01-28T14:00:46-05:00</updated>
			<published>2019-08-06T10:00:00-04:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Featured Videos" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Science" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Space" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Back in February, I spent a few hours crawling around on my hands and knees on a rooftop in Brooklyn, New York. What I was looking for was smaller than the period at the end of this sentence: nearly invisible micrometeorites that may &#8212; or may not &#8212; have fallen from space. Surprisingly, I actually [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<img alt="" data-caption="" data-portal-copyright="" data-has-syndication-rights="1" src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/18842061/Container_Post__1_.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" />
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<p>Back in February, I spent a few hours crawling around on my hands and knees on a rooftop in Brooklyn, New York. What I was looking for was smaller than the period at the end of this sentence: nearly invisible micrometeorites that may &mdash; or may not &mdash; have fallen from space. Surprisingly, I actually found some. I think.</p>

<p>With the help of a powerful neodymium magnet, some plastic sandwich bags, and <em>a lot </em>of patience, I was able to scrounge up about fifteen cosmic candidates &mdash; a process that we documented in our <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9q3uNcJh4pc&amp;feature=youtu.be">first micrometeorite video</a>.</p>

<p>But finding the samples ultimately proved to be the <em>easy</em> part. Trying to verify their origin turned out to be an entirely different ordeal. Here at <em>Verge Science</em>, we simply didn&rsquo;t have the capacity to reach a definitive conclusion, so we turned to the micrometeorite experts at NASA.</p>

<p>With a few of our most promising samples, and a bonus sample gifted to us by the world&rsquo;s foremost micrometeorite hunter, we took a trip to Johnson Space Center in Houston to visit the Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science division. There, we were finally able to get to the bottom of our months-long hunt for a real micrometeorite, and we learned a few things about the universe along the way.</p>

<p>Be sure to check out the full video above for part two of our hunt for micrometeorites.</p>
<div class="video-container"><iframe src="https://volume.vox-cdn.com/embed/e588eb83c?player_type=youtube&#038;loop=1&#038;placement=article&#038;tracking=article:rss" allowfullscreen frameborder="0" allow=""></iframe></div>
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					</entry>
			<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>Cory Zapatka</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[The real reasons why the US refuses to go metric]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/25/18693533/metric-system-measurement-us-conversion-act-verge-science" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/25/18693533/metric-system-measurement-us-conversion-act-verge-science</id>
			<updated>2025-01-28T14:00:48-05:00</updated>
			<published>2019-06-25T10:00:00-04:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Featured Videos" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Science" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[In 1975, the United States passed the Metric Conversion Act. The legislation was meant to slowly transition its units of measurement from feet and pounds to meters and kilograms, bringing the US up to speed with the rest of the world. There was only one issue: the law was completely voluntary. Of course, that meant [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<img alt="" data-caption="" data-portal-copyright="" data-has-syndication-rights="1" src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/16676756/Textless_2.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" />
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<p>In 1975, the United States passed the <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-89/pdf/STATUTE-89-Pg1007.pdf">Metric Conversion Act</a>. The legislation was meant to slowly transition its units of measurement from feet and pounds to meters and kilograms, bringing the US up to speed with the rest of the world. There was only one issue: the law was completely voluntary. Of course, that meant it pretty much never took off.</p>
<img src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/16389361/voluntary.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" alt="" title="" data-has-syndication-rights="1" data-caption="&lt;em&gt;The pesky little clause that derailed metrication in the United States.&lt;/em&gt;" data-portal-copyright="" />
<p>Over 40 years later, the US lives in a metric gray area. Sure, it has a few laws requiring that consumer goods list both metric and US customary measures, but it still remains isolated in its US customary measures bubble. So what would it take for that bubble to burst?</p>

<p>In the latest <em>Verge Science</em> video, we take a look at three lesser-known reasons behind the US&rsquo;s reluctance to adopt the metric system. Apart from the obvious (it just can&rsquo;t be bothered), there&rsquo;s a small glimmer of hope for internationalists everywhere.</p>
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					</entry>
			<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>Cory Zapatka</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[The underground communities that have taken over Centralia, Pennsylvania]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/2/18290774/centralia-pennsylvania-ghost-town-underground-fire-bacteria-microbes-microbiology-science" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/2/18290774/centralia-pennsylvania-ghost-town-underground-fire-bacteria-microbes-microbiology-science</id>
			<updated>2025-01-28T14:01:00-05:00</updated>
			<published>2019-04-02T10:00:00-04:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Featured Videos" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Science" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Verge Video" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Centralia, Pennsylvania, was once a prosperous town, largely supported by the coal industry. But in 1962, a trash fire near an abandoned strip mine ignited what remained of the 25 million-ton coal seam beneath the town. Year after year, the fire spread, releasing noxious gas, opening up sinkholes, and ultimately making the town uninhabitable &#8212; [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<p>Centralia, Pennsylvania, was once a prosperous town, largely supported by the coal industry. But in 1962, a trash fire near an abandoned strip mine ignited what remained of the 25 million-ton coal seam beneath the town. Year after year, the fire spread, releasing noxious gas, opening up sinkholes, and ultimately making the town uninhabitable &mdash; for humans, at least.</p>

<p>In the absence of humans and in the presence of rapidly heating soil, some interesting microbes have appeared: thermophiles. These microbes, which live at super hot temperatures, have taken a liking to some of the vent zones in Centralia, some of which have heated up to nearly 140 degrees Fahrenheit (60 degrees Celsius) over the course of just a few short decades.</p>

<p>Ashley Shade, an assistant professor at Michigan State University, has been studying the changes in soil temperature in Centralia and the effects on the communities of microbes living there. Her team has been looking into correlations between things like temperature change in the soil and genome sizes of the microbes she&rsquo;s found. &ldquo;The idea is if you can keep your cell small, you are going to benefit by not having to spend so much energy just maintaining all of your cell parts, which are kind of getting more wobbly at the higher temperatures,&rdquo; Shade told <em>The Verge</em> last month.</p>

<p>With Shade&rsquo;s help, <em>Verge </em>Science took a trip to Centralia, collected some hot soil samples, and attempted to grow thermophiles in our studio (with an incubator &mdash; not an underground fire). Check out the video for processes and results.</p>
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					</entry>
			<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>Cory Zapatka</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[Tiny meteorites are everywhere — here’s how to find them]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/5/18211112/meteorites-space-dust-micrometeorites-metal-rock-tiny-how-to-find" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/5/18211112/meteorites-space-dust-micrometeorites-metal-rock-tiny-how-to-find</id>
			<updated>2025-01-28T14:11:01-05:00</updated>
			<published>2019-02-05T10:01:52-05:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Featured Videos" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Science" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Space" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Weird" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Between 60 and 100 tons of space dust falls to Earth every single day. That&#8217;s a lot of dust. Some of it has been pulled up from deep-sea sediments or melted out of ice near the poles. But there hasn&#8217;t been somebody dedicated enough &#8212; or maybe even absurd enough &#8212; to seek out these [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<p>Between 60 and 100 tons of space dust falls to Earth every single day. That&rsquo;s <em>a lot</em> of dust. Some of it has been <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/328699a0">pulled up from deep-sea sediments</a> or <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/328699a0">melted out of ice</a> near the poles. But there hasn&rsquo;t been somebody dedicated enough &mdash; or maybe even absurd enough &mdash; to seek out these tiny bits of metal and rock from outer space in populated places.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p>That changed in 2010 when Jon Larsen, a jazz musician-turned-amateur scientist, started searching for micrometeorites in some of the <a href="https://eos.org/articles/urban-micrometeorites-no-longer-a-myth">dustiest corners of the Earth</a>.</p>

<p>Larsen told <em>Verge </em>Science about the frustrating paradox regarding micrometeorites. &ldquo;Everybody agreed upon that it was completely impossible to find the micrometeorites in populated areas of the world. And at the same time, everybody agreed that the daily influx from space is nearly 100 metric tons of cosmic dust. So I was like, &lsquo;100 metric tons, and it&rsquo;s impossible to find it? Something doesn&rsquo;t add up.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
<img src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/13737102/In_search_of_stardust_in_Sahara.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" alt="" title="" data-has-syndication-rights="1" data-caption="&lt;em&gt;Jon Larsen searching for micrometeorites in the Sahara Desert.&lt;/em&gt; | Photo by Jon Larsen" data-portal-copyright="Photo by Jon Larsen" />
<p>Larsen went to deserts, roofs, glaciers &mdash; essentially anywhere with minimal foot-traffic &mdash; armed with a powerful neodymium magnet and some plastic bags and collected piles of magnetic dust from all around the world. After cleaning and sorting the samples to rid them of non-metallic grime and separate out candidates that were too small or too large, Larsen delicately cataloged and photographed all of his finds. He has found over 1,300 micrometeorites since the conception of his project, even going so far as to use a scanning electron microscope to verify their extraterrestrial origin.</p>
<img src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/13737103/MM_516.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" alt="" title="" data-has-syndication-rights="1" data-caption="&lt;em&gt;One of Jon Larsen’s findings: micrometeorite 516.&lt;/em&gt; | Photo by Jon Larsen" data-portal-copyright="Photo by Jon Larsen" />
<p>In an interview with <em>The Verge</em> last year, Larsen&rsquo;s project piqued our interest and inspired us to hunt for our own micrometeorites. So, armed with the same tools, we decided to search on a rooftop in Brooklyn, New York. Surprisingly, we found some candidates, and we sent them off to be verified in Norway.</p>

<p>The video above documents our hunt, which was a roller coaster of emotions, to say the least.</p>
<div class="video-container"><iframe src="https://volume.vox-cdn.com/embed/e3e0dbb47?player_type=youtube&#038;loop=1&#038;placement=article&#038;tracking=article:rss" allowfullscreen frameborder="0" allow=""></iframe></div>
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			<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>James Vincent</name>
			</author>
			
			<author>
				<name>Cory Zapatka</name>
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			<title type="html"><![CDATA[How and why we redefined the kilogram]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/18/18144879/kilogram-science-international-prototype-plancks-kg-metric-unit-measurement" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/18/18144879/kilogram-science-international-prototype-plancks-kg-metric-unit-measurement</id>
			<updated>2025-01-28T14:11:10-05:00</updated>
			<published>2018-12-18T10:00:03-05:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Featured Videos" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Science" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[An ounce is an ounce, and a kilogram is a kilogram, but how are these units actually measured? How do your scales know how much a pound or a gram weighs? Since 1889, the kilogram&#8217;s definition has been based on a metal artifact stored under lock and key in a vault near Paris. It&#8217;s called [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<p>An ounce is an ounce, and a kilogram is a kilogram, but how are these units actually measured? How do your scales know how much a pound or a gram weighs?</p>

<p>Since 1889, the kilogram&rsquo;s definition has been based on a metal artifact stored under lock and key in a vault near Paris. It&rsquo;s called the International Prototype Kilogram, or Le Grand K<em>,</em> and it is <em>the</em> world standard. What it weighs, the kilogram weighs. No more, no less.</p>

<p>Le Grand K was created (along with the rest of the metric system) <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/13/18087002/kilogram-new-definition-kg-metric-unit-ipk-measurement">during the French Revolution</a> when scientists and revolutionaries were united in their desire to remake the world. This meant reforming the French language, the calendar, and the country&rsquo;s weights and measures. The idea was to make these units accessible to every citizen and consistent across different nations. It was a utopian project.</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="WOgYbV">Read more: <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/13/18087002/kilogram-new-definition-kg-metric-unit-ipk-measurement">The kilogram is dead; long live the kilogram</a></h2><img src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/13428809/international_prototype_kilogram_bipm.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" alt="" title="" data-has-syndication-rights="1" data-caption="&lt;em&gt;The original International Prototype Kilogram was cast in 1889 and is kept in a trio of vacuum-sealed bell jars in a vault near Paris. &lt;/em&gt; | Photo: BIPM" data-portal-copyright="Photo: BIPM" />
<p>But in November, scientists voted to <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/16/18098234/kilogram-new-definition-vote-passed-kg-measurement-bipm">redefine the kilogram</a>, replacing the International Prototype Kilogram with a definition based on a constant of nature. They did this partly because the kilogram artifact was losing weight, which was causing trouble with international calibration, but also because they wanted to fulfill the mission laid out by those 18th century revolutionaries.</p>

<p>By defining the kilogram using a constant of nature, they are freeing it from physical constraints. You&rsquo;ll still need some pretty complex machinery to actually measure the new kilogram, but, theoretically, anyone can do it. The kilogram is now truly accessible to all.</p>
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					</entry>
			<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>Cory Zapatka</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[Decoding images from the Golden Record]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/30/18037984/golden-record-nasa-image-decode-voyager-1-2" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/30/18037984/golden-record-nasa-image-decode-voyager-1-2</id>
			<updated>2025-01-28T15:36:05-05:00</updated>
			<published>2018-10-30T10:00:02-04:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Featured Videos" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Science" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Space" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[More than 11 billion miles away from Earth, two small discs are rocketing through space at speeds in excess of 37,200 miles per hour. Their journey started in 1977, when NASA sent the two Golden Records into space, bolted to the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft. The records contain a treasure trove of information about [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<p>More than 11 billion miles away from Earth, two small discs are rocketing through space at speeds in excess of 37,200 miles per hour. Their journey started in 1977, when NASA sent the two Golden Records into space, bolted to the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft. The records contain a treasure trove of information about our home planet, including sounds, songs, and images from Earth.</p>

<p>At the moment, the records are just hangers-on to the Voyagers&rsquo; <a href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/interstellar-mission/">current mission</a>, to document the outer limits of the Sun&rsquo;s influence on the Solar System. By 2030, however, both Voyagers will cease communicating with NASA, but they will continue sailing through space. At that point, they will have only one mission: continue on with the Golden Records in hopes that another advanced civilization, somewhere in the galaxy, intercepts them.</p>
<img src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/13351619/voyager_gold_record_display_10_5_1977_30214218763_o.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" alt="" title="" data-has-syndication-rights="1" data-caption="NASA’s Golden Record | NASA" data-portal-copyright="NASA" />
<p>The audio contained on the record should be fairly easy to decode &mdash; extraterrestrials will only need to figure out the correct speed and rotation of the disks, place the included stylus within the grooves of the record, and jam out to Chuck Berry, Mozart, and the sounds of the Earth.</p>

<p>Unscrambling the images contained on the record &mdash; that&rsquo;s going to be a little bit harder.</p>

<p>You might think that the images were included in some printed or digital form, such as a .jpeg or .tiff. But back in 1977, there was no technology available to put images on analog disks. Voyager&rsquo;s computer systems could only hold 69 kilobytes of information, barely enough for one image, let alone 115. So NASA invented a way to include image data on the LPs.</p>

<p>By projecting images onto a screen, recording them with a television camera, and then turning those video signals into audio waveforms, the images could be properly pressed onto the records. The reversal process &mdash; turning that image data back into images &mdash; is what any extraterrestrial (or curious human) would have to figure out how to do.</p>

<p>Luckily, NASA engineers included instructions on the <a href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/golden-record/golden-record-cover/">cover of the record</a> to help decode the data contained on the disks. And without access to 1970&rsquo;s technology and expertise, the guidelines were tricky for us to follow. But after learning a lot from the DIY community, including from Ron Barry, who <a href="https://boingboing.net/2017/09/05/how-to-decode-the-images-on-th.html">wrote his own in-depth guide to decoding the disks</a>, we were able to see the data.</p>

<p>We tried two alternate methods using Microsoft Excel and Python &mdash; and were amazed to find that even 40 years later and with completely different technology, it was still possible to unravel images from the audio waves.</p>

<p>Maybe extraterrestrials will be able to figure this out after all.</p>

<p>Take a look at the video to see how we decoded the Golden Record &mdash; and maybe give it a try yourself.</p>
<img src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/13351939/humanbody_edited.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" alt="" title="" data-has-syndication-rights="1" data-caption="A decoded image of the human body | Image: Cory Zapatka / The Verge" data-portal-copyright="Image: Cory Zapatka / The Verge" />
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