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	<title type="text">Matt Stroud | The Verge</title>
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	<updated>2023-05-31T14:00:00+00:00</updated>

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			<title type="html"><![CDATA[Kid Cop Returns (Again and Again)]]></title>
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							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[When Vincent Richardson was 14 years old, he wore a police uniform into Chicago&#8217;s Third District Grand Crossing police station and reported for duty. It was January 24th, 2009, and he told officers he&#8217;d been assigned by another district to work a shift there. An intake officer issued Vincent a police radio and ticket book; [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<p>When Vincent Richardson was 14 years old, he wore a police uniform into Chicago&rsquo;s Third District Grand Crossing police station and reported for duty. It was January 24th, 2009, and he told officers he&rsquo;d been assigned by another district to work a shift there. An intake officer issued Vincent a police radio and ticket book; then, the officer assigned Vincent a partner and a police cruiser.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Over the next five hours, they drove around the South Side of Chicago monitoring hot spots and responding to calls from dispatch. Vincent helped with traffic stops. He communicated with dispatchers using specific criminal codes about activities on the beat. He even assisted in an arrest helping to <a href="https://apnews.com/article/arrests-archive-chicago-b6d836f299014d8db4a153ff11b5993f">place handcuffs</a> on someone suspected of violating a protective order.</p>

<p>He did this as an eighth grader. His uniform was a costume. And no one realized he was just a kid pretending to be a cop.</p>

<p>Vincent and his partner returned to Grand Crossing station later that evening. The captain on duty noticed the small, clean-shaven officer and asked Vincent to produce a badge. He couldn&rsquo;t, of course. The captain searched him and discovered Vincent&rsquo;s gun holster was empty; he&rsquo;d crammed a newspaper into his body armor bag to make it look full. The captain placed Vincent under arrest and charged him as a juvenile with the misdemeanor offense of impersonating a police officer.</p>

<p>Or at least that was the official narrative at the time: while Vincent had pulled one over on the Windy City and its police department, it was just one embarrassing police shift, five hours long. And then it was over.&nbsp;</p>

<p>So began the legend of the Kid Cop. Every newspaper and TV station in the city covered the story. It became the focus of city council hearings. &ldquo;If [police] can&rsquo;t keep a watchful eye on their own station, how in the world are they going to protect the community?&rdquo; one local resident <a href="https://chicagodefender.com/weis-cpd-to-explain-to-city-how-child-cop-breach-occurred/">told the <em>Chicago Defender</em></a>. Jody Weis, then Chicago&rsquo;s police commissioner, went on a meeting and media tour to try and assure the public that this was a very unusual situation that wouldn&rsquo;t happen again.</p>

<p>From all indications, Weis&rsquo; tour worked. The story turned into a joke. National late-night comedians picked it up. The Chicago news cycle rolled on. Prosecutors gave Vincent probation, a lenient sentence. The Chicago Police Department&rsquo;s Internal Affairs bureau produced a report on the incident, and 14 officers received disciplinary action. Police brass suspended his temporary partner and the captain for a few days without pay. No one lost their job.</p>

<p>Vincent&rsquo;s mom, Veronica, may have meted out his harshest penalty: she took away his PlayStation and grounded him. He wasn&rsquo;t even allowed to go outside and play basketball for a while.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“When you train to be a cop, they train you to stand big,” he said. “You stand bigger than you stand tall.”</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>But things never quite got back to normal. The experience changed him. Vincent had spent almost two years in the Chicago Police Department&rsquo;s Youth Explorer program before he became Kid Cop. And every day, he&rsquo;d do as he was instructed, taking the job seriously. The training he got was almost identical to what police would receive, with the exception of firearms.&nbsp;</p>

<p>&ldquo;There are certain types of people who do certain things, jump out of planes, join the Army. Firefighters jump into burning buildings. These are adrenaline-seeking junkies,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;These are cops. That&rsquo;s why they love to do the job they do. They weren&rsquo;t trained for nothing else in the world.&rdquo;</p>

<p>Vincent put every hour of his free time into being an Explorer. And he began to think of himself as part of the police brotherhood. He fucked up, he admits that. But wasn&rsquo;t the point of the program to make Explorers feel like cops? So why not <em>be</em> a cop when presented with the opportunity?</p>

<p>After he got caught, there was no way he was going to be allowed back into the Explorer program. It was an existential crisis for young Vincent.</p>

<p>&ldquo;I was like, &lsquo;What am I gonna do?&rsquo;&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;This is all I basically did my whole time. I didn&rsquo;t know what to do. I didn&rsquo;t know how to be a teenager.&rdquo;&nbsp;</p>

<p>But if he&rsquo;d learned anything about being a cop, the job was about perception. The power of police is self-fulfilling: they have authority because people believe they have authority.&nbsp;</p>

<p>&ldquo;When you train to be a cop, they train you to stand big,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;You stand bigger than you stand tall.&rdquo;&nbsp;</p>

<p>He&rsquo;d spend the next decade and a half trying to stand big, just like how he learned in the Explorers and on patrol.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Problem was, whenever he tried to stand big, he soon found himself behind bars.</p>
<hr class="wp-block-separator" />
<p>I first met Vincent about a dozen years after the media&rsquo;s initial infatuation with the Kid Cop story ended. But in that time, Vincent had repeatedly tried passing himself off as a police officer. He&rsquo;d been arrested just about yearly since 2009 for a number of offenses, all non-violent, some bizarrely motivated. In February 2021, he&rsquo;d been arrested at his apartment complex and was, in the spring of 2022, serving prison time in Illinois&rsquo; medium-security Big Muddy River Correctional Center after pleading guilty to &mdash; you guessed it &mdash; impersonating a police officer. Vincent embodies a strange contradiction: the criminal who wants so badly to be a cop that he&rsquo;s willing to go to prison for it.</p>

<p>At 28, he wore a prison-issue white polo shirt, dark blue knockoff Dickies, and white canvas slip-on shoes. But I really can&rsquo;t stress it enough: what you notice immediately about Vincent is how much bigger he seems than he actually is. He claims he&rsquo;s 5&rsquo;5&rdquo;, but he&rsquo;s not even that tall. Still, broad chest and shoulders, he looks tough &mdash; the man understands posture and how to look strong and confident and like he belongs wherever he stands.</p>

<p>We shook hands and sat. With the shackles off, he asked me to buy him Doritos and a meat sandwich and a Gatorade from the commissary vending machines. After I did, he loosened up.</p>

<p>&ldquo;I&rsquo;ve wanted to be a cop since before I can remember,&rdquo; he said.</p>

<p>His mother, Veronica, told me he&rsquo;d started watching <em>Cops</em> at the age of five, and since then, &ldquo;that&rsquo;s all he wanted to do.&rdquo; Vincent&rsquo;s stepfather had been a police officer, too. Like any good parent, Veronica wanted to support her son. When Vincent was 13, she signed him up for the Chicago Police Department&rsquo;s Youth Explorer program, designed to get kids from ages 10 to 15 to understand more about policing and what cops do every day.&nbsp;</p>

<p>It serves as public outreach to neighborhoods with higher crime rates and lower household incomes and is still active today. Explorers would get police-issue uniforms, including trousers and a shirt, a jersey, and a cap. They would train regularly with officers in their neighborhood, and the program even offered a stipend to kids over 14. (Today, that stipend is <a href="https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/fss/supp_info/RFP/Youth/DFSS_Youth_Service_Chicagobility_RFP_FINAL_1.22.pdf">$75 per week</a>.) Veronica couldn&rsquo;t imagine something more perfect for Vincent.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“I felt like I was one of them. I <em>was</em> law enforcement.”</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>He would be an Explorer a few nights per week after school and work the events on weekends. &ldquo;School was pretty easy for me,&rdquo; Vincent said. He was in eighth grade. &ldquo;I was bored and did my homework fast when I got home. I had time.&rdquo; Vincent was in the program for nearly two years, which is how, according to the official report, he was able to impersonate a police officer for a five-hour shift.</p>

<p>But Vincent now claims the truth is wildly different.</p>

<p>&ldquo;I wasn&rsquo;t doing this for five hours,&rdquo; he told me. &ldquo;This went on for <em>weeks</em>.&rdquo;</p>

<p>On a date that he can&rsquo;t recall exactly, Vincent said he walked into the Englewood station just like he normally would as an Explorer after school. He arrived at shift change. As usual, officers and Explorers lined up for their assignments, and because it was January in Chicago, Vincent wore the Explorer uniform under a dark blue jacket and skull cap. His outfit looked like all the other cops&rsquo;. The officer in charge of shift assignments was apparently new on the job and didn&rsquo;t recognize Vincent as an Explorer, so instead of giving him a training assignment, he made the mistake of handing Vincent a radio and ticket book.</p>

<p>&ldquo;I wasn&rsquo;t trying to fool anyone,&rdquo; Vincent said. He says he wouldn&rsquo;t have impersonated a cop in eighth grade if the opportunity didn&rsquo;t present itself. &ldquo;I just went along with it when they messed up.&rdquo;</p>

<p>When Vincent met up with his new partner, they threw him cruiser keys and told him to pull the car around. So he did.</p>

<p>Vincent says he helped with traffic stops and communicated with dispatchers and assisted in an arrest that day. But at the end of the shift, no one caught on that he wasn&rsquo;t a cop. He turned in his radio and ticket book and went home. The next day after school, he went back to the station again. Same time. Same place. During shift change.</p>

<p>A few days every week, he&rsquo;d show up and get his radio and ticket book and go on patrol. He and his partner would drive around Chicago&rsquo;s South Side; they&rsquo;d stop people and respond to calls. The Explorer program may have succeeded in its goal of educating Vincent about what cops do all day. You could argue it was too effective.</p>

<p>&ldquo;I had been an Explorer for close to a year, so I felt like I was already a cop,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;I felt like I was one of them. I <em>was</em> law enforcement.&rdquo;</p>

<p>Vincent&rsquo;s stories about his fake cop days are varied. In one, two drivers collided on a city street at an intersection and were in front of their cars, yelling obscenities and ready to fight. Vincent and his partner calmed them down and got them to start talking reasonably. &ldquo;By the end, they&rsquo;re hugging and shit,&rdquo; Vincent said. &ldquo;We didn&rsquo;t even write a ticket.&rdquo;</p>

<p>In another, Vincent said he and his partner got a call about an open-air drug deal. The suspect they located resisted arrest and attempted to flee. Vincent and his partner wrestled the suspect to the ground, got them into handcuffs, and brought them back to the station in the back seat of the cruiser. When they arrived, Vincent said he told his shift captain about the difficulty of the arrest. The captain, Vincent claimed, decided that the perp needed to be taught a lesson. He needed &ldquo;a rough ride.&rdquo;</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>He reveled in his new, high profile. “It was like I was a celebrity,” he said.</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>He said the captain then walked the handcuffed suspect by the elbow back to the cruiser, opened the trunk, and shoved the suspect inside. Then they got into the cruiser with Vincent behind the wheel. The captain directed him to a street with speed bumps.</p>

<p>&ldquo;Hit the gas,&rdquo; the captain said.</p>

<p>So that&rsquo;s what Vincent did.</p>

<p>The car bounced violently along the road with the suspect bumping around in the trunk, screaming to be let out.</p>

<p>&ldquo;When you hear about police having power, yeah, you get it,&rdquo; Vincent said. &ldquo;They can write tickets and have guns and can arrest people. But you don&rsquo;t really understand that power until you&rsquo;re there on the streets. You can get two people to listen to you and stop fighting just because you&rsquo;re a cop.&rdquo;</p>

<p>He goes on: &ldquo;And then if someone pisses you off, you throw &lsquo;em in the trunk. No one&rsquo;s gonna believe &lsquo;em anyway.&rdquo;</p>

<p>Vincent said he didn&rsquo;t necessarily want to do that to anyone himself. In fact, he wanted the opposite: To help people. To stop fights. To help victims of domestic violence. Prevent shootings.</p>

<p>He told a third story. A simple one.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Vincent and his partner pulled someone over. He didn&rsquo;t remember details. They found a bag of weed in the car. This suspect wasn&rsquo;t combative and didn&rsquo;t try to run away. Instead, they shrugged and admitted the weed was theirs. So Vincent dumped it out and told them to keep driving.&nbsp;</p>

<p>&ldquo;Police can look the other way,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;That&rsquo;s power, too.&rdquo;</p>
<img src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24690947/236623_Kid_Cop_MOMatic_002.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" alt="" title="" data-has-syndication-rights="1" data-caption="" data-portal-copyright="Illustration by Max-o-matic for The Verge" />
<p>The thing about talking to someone who is notorious for misrepresenting themselves is that it can be extremely hard to believe anything they say.&nbsp;</p>

<p>There are no records indicating that Vincent impersonated an officer for three weeks instead of five hours. Or that he made any of the stops he described. Or that the accusation he made about his captain initiating a &ldquo;rough ride&rdquo; is real. Vincent had described it to me in detail from the visitation room of Big Muddy prison. Months later, speaking on the phone with a fact checker, he denied it happened. But while talking with her, he texted me: &ldquo;I&rsquo;m on the phone now,&rdquo; he said, &ldquo;uncomfortable with the trunk incident not good.&rdquo; Was he afraid of the ramifications of something that happened 14 years ago? Or did he make it all up?</p>

<p>Even the station where he pretended to be a cop, about 13 miles northwest of the Englewood neighborhood where Vincent lived and went to school, is different in his description than the one reported in news articles and police records.</p>

<p>But minimizing Vincent&rsquo;s fake cop stint to an afternoon wasn&rsquo;t just good for Vincent. It preserved the reputation of the Chicago Police Department. Rather than having the story of a Kevin Hart-sized teenager revealing systemwide issues with the department &mdash; and perhaps the nature of policing as a whole &mdash; the incident could be written off as a misunderstanding that occurred on one weird afternoon.</p>

<p>After Vincent was discovered, he believed that the captain thought that many aspects of the story would look horrible for himself and the department if anyone heard. He probably didn&rsquo;t need some kid going out into the world to share everything he saw as a fake cop.</p>

<p>&ldquo;So he brings me into his office and sits me down, and I start trying to explain, and he says, &lsquo;Shut the fuck up,&rsquo;&rdquo; Vincent recalled. &ldquo;Then he tells me what&rsquo;s gonna happen next.&rdquo;</p>

<p>Vincent would be charged with impersonating an officer. He would stay quiet about anything he saw on shift and how long he saw it. In exchange, they would work to get the charges dropped. That was the deal.</p>

<p>This is why, according to Vincent, the record shows that he was only on shift for five hours and that he wasn&rsquo;t in a district filled with officers he saw regularly as an Explorer. To Vincent, it was self-preservation by his captain on behalf of the Chicago Police Department.</p>

<p>&ldquo;They were gonna cover they asses,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;And I wasn&rsquo;t gonna say anything.&rdquo;</p>

<p>In February 2009, about a week after Vincent&rsquo;s story hit the evening news around the country, a newspaper columnist for the <em>Austin Weekly News</em> in Chicago, Arlene Jones, <a href="https://www.austinweeklynews.com/2009/02/04/where-is-the-outrage-over-teens-treatment/">questioned why</a> the name and image of a 14-year-old made its way into the media in the first place. Vincent wasn&rsquo;t charged as an adult. He didn&rsquo;t harm anyone. But his name had gotten out. Newspapers published photos of him. And by publishing his name and photo and all but disclosing his home address in news stories parroted all over the world, the responsibility for Vincent&rsquo;s actions fell to Vincent alone.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“He used to wear CTA uniforms and get on the CTA bus and … these people let him drive.”</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>In the age of Google, his name would forever be associated with &ldquo;Kid Cop.&rdquo; If anyone &mdash; like, say, a potential employer &mdash; looked him up, they would see the back story of a criminal.</p>

<p>Surprisingly, Vincent told me that he saw it differently. He reveled in his new, high profile. &ldquo;It was like I was a celebrity,&rdquo; he said.</p>

<p>Both the official power he tasted as a temporary cop and the unusual notoriety he received afterward left him wanting more. Before his arrest, he felt bored. Now he was really bored. Go to school. Come home. Do homework. Eat dinner. Find something to do until bed. Sleep and repeat.</p>

<p>Why do that when he had a sampling of something that brought him true excitement? True infamy. All the attention he felt he deserved.</p>
<hr class="wp-block-separator" />
<p>After the Kid Cop incident, Vincent laid low and got his GED. But he soon found himself on the wrong end of police handcuffs time and again. At 17 years old, in May 2011, cops <a href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2011-05-22-ct-met-teen-cop-impersonator-charged-20110522-story.html">picked him up</a> on the street in Englewood with a loaded pistol. Looking at his juvenile record, prosecutors and a judge decided to make him an adult one year early in the eyes of the law. They charged him with aggravated unlawful use of a weapon and possession of ammunition without a firearm owner&rsquo;s identification. He couldn&rsquo;t post a $50,000 bond, so he stayed in Cook County Jail until sentencing. A judge gave him time served.</p>

<p>When he got out, Vincent worked at McDonald&rsquo;s as a janitor. His family knew he always wanted to be in law enforcement, so they talked with people they knew and got him a job doing the next best thing: working as a security guard. Still, Vincent remained antsy. He wanted the same thrill he got back when he was 14. But he wasn&rsquo;t an Explorer anymore. He needed a new uniform.</p>

<p>On a Tuesday afternoon, July 24th, 2013, Vincent walked into an Englewood uniform shop and told the clerk that he was a Chicago police officer. Wearing dark blue pants like an officer&rsquo;s, he put his wallet on the checkout counter and gave the clerk his driver&rsquo;s license. He was 19 at the time and said he wanted to try on cargo shorts and a duty belt.</p>

<p>The clerk later told police that Vincent made him suspicious after repeatedly saying he was an officer in the Englewood district. So the clerk Googled Vincent and discovered the obvious: this was Kid Cop. While the clerk searched the web, Vincent could sense from the shop floor that something was up. He tried to make a run for it but forgot his wallet, credit cards, and identification on the counter. The clerk phoned it in, and Vincent was arrested within the hour.</p>

<p>The police report from the incident reflects what Vincent has told me repeatedly and other reporters. &ldquo;I know what it&rsquo;s like to be one of you,&rdquo; he said to the officers, according to the report. &ldquo;I respect you because I did it for a day, chasing and helping people. My intentions are never to hurt people, just to help.&rdquo;</p>

<p>It was an overture. A cry for leniency. Something to endear himself to the officers he intended to portray. He even stuck with the official narrative of only being a cop for a day.</p>

<p>The arresting officers were having none of it. They charged him with impersonating a police officer <em>again</em>. A felony this time, he faced three years behind bars. The officers took him to Cook County Jail. He couldn&rsquo;t post bond, so he stayed there until November that year when a judge sentenced him to 18 months in prison.</p>

<p>You would think that the experience of being thrown into prison for trying to buy the wrong kind of cargo shorts in the wrong kind of store might&rsquo;ve given Vincent pause the next time he had the urge to even think about vigilante policing. It didn&rsquo;t.</p>

<p>Vincent got out of lockup early in December 2014. Over the next five months, he began ordering police gear &mdash; online this time. He says he purchased a bulletproof vest, a stun gun, and other tactical gear for a gig with Monterrey Security in Chicago. He says his friend Dontrell Reese worked with him at the time. (A spokesman for Monterrey Security, Steve Patterson, said Vincent worked a &ldquo;probationary&rdquo; period in 2014 for the security company, which provides guards and ushers for events at Soldier Field. Vincent worked as an usher, not a security guard, Patterson said. Vincent&rsquo;s manager fired him for &ldquo;post abandonment&rdquo; after three months on the job. &ldquo;He was hired as an usher to have a specific task, [but] his supervisor noticed right away he was wandering off, and who knows what his intentions were or plans were?&rdquo; Patterson said.)</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>After receiving a sentence of house arrest for destroying the Lexus, Vincent popped his ankle monitor off so he could get back into the world</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>&ldquo;We weren&rsquo;t doing anything violent,&rdquo; Vincent told me. &ldquo;We would go and direct traffic. It needed to be done. Needed to look the part.&rdquo;</p>

<p>After receiving a call that gunshots had been fired in Englewood, officers arrived. They&rsquo;d later write in a police report that they saw Vincent &ldquo;walking along the public way&rdquo; wearing a bulletproof vest. They searched him and found a &ldquo;partial duty belt, handcuffs, flashlight, radio, empty gun holster and black badge case&rdquo; with no badge inside, in addition to a black ballistic bulletproof vest. Dontrell also wore a protective vest and carried a stun gun. Both were arrested.&nbsp;</p>

<p>Vincent tried to explain that he had all that equipment for his work as a security guard. Neither cops nor the judge bought it. Vincent would eventually plead guilty to impersonating an officer for the third time and was sentenced to another 280 days in prison.</p>

<p>These arrests ensured that Kid Cop wouldn&rsquo;t fade into history. His story had now become part of Chicago lore.</p>

<p>Except now, people were rooting for Vincent. He&rsquo;d become a minor icon in the city, a provocateur who, intentionally or not, might force real change in the city&rsquo;s police department. &ldquo;We&rsquo;re not ready to crown him a folk hero quite yet,&rdquo; <a href="https://chicagoist.com/2009/01/28/mayor_daley_livid_over_teen_cop.php">wrote Marcus Gilmer in the <em>Chicagoist </em>at the time</a>, &ldquo;but it&rsquo;s possible this could be the straw that breaks the police superintendent&rsquo;s back.&rdquo;</p>

<p>Will Lee, a columnist and reporter for the <em>Chicago Tribune</em>, had interviewed Vincent on a few occasions. He sympathized with Vincent&rsquo;s explanations about wanting to help people, his dreams of wanting to be a part of the police brotherhood. And Vincent could succeed, Lee wrote, if he&rsquo;d just stop pretending to be a cop, if he&rsquo;d stop following that one dream.</p>

<p>Right around the time Vincent got out of prison on police impersonation charges in April 2016, Lee wrote that Vincent had potential: &ldquo;Now he has another opportunity to start over if he can avoid trouble until his parole ends next March. This time, I hope it&rsquo;s for real.&rdquo;</p>

<p>I spoke with Dontrell. He and Vincent had been best friends for years, having met just after the original Kid Cop incident. Dontrell freely admitted to running with gangs, stealing cars, dealing in illegal firearms. He was a felon at an early age, too. &ldquo;We was just being bad, young kids being bad,&rdquo; he said.</p>

<p>But Vincent didn&rsquo;t run with gangs, wasn&rsquo;t stealing cars or actively getting involved in mayhem. Kids in the neighborhood kept him around, however, because he was cool and &ldquo;knew how to look older,&rdquo; Dontrell said.</p>

<p>I asked what he meant by that.&nbsp;</p>

<p>&ldquo;He used to wear CTA uniforms and get on the CTA bus and &hellip; these people let him drive,&rdquo; Dontrell said.</p>

<p>I thought I misheard. Vincent would go to a local bus station in a fake bus driver uniform and take a bus out to drive?</p>

<p>&ldquo;Yeah!&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;They would let him drive the CTA bus!&rdquo;</p>

<p>Sometimes, Vincent would take the bus on a joyride. He&rsquo;d pull up to Dontrell&rsquo;s house and blare the horn. Then they&rsquo;d cruise around, just for the hell of it.</p>

<p>Dontrell said it was crazy times in the neighborhood, and Vincent was often the cause.&nbsp;</p>
<img src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24690949/236623_Kid_Cop_MOMatic_004.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" alt="" title="" data-has-syndication-rights="1" data-caption="" data-portal-copyright="Illustration by Max-o-matic for The Verge" />
<p>That wasn&rsquo;t all. Dontrell said the public record doesn&rsquo;t show half of it. &ldquo;He&rsquo;s pulling up in police cars, so now we ridin&rsquo; in police cars together while I&rsquo;m in the streets. And, you know, in the mix of all the other chaos that&rsquo;s going on, it was like, damn, this is my homie.&rdquo;</p>

<p>Later, Dontrell doesn&rsquo;t remember when exactly, he caught a charge and ended up in Cook County Jail. One day, he got a call from an officer that he had a visitor. Someone from the Army was there to see him. Dontrell went down to the visitation room and saw &mdash; who else? &mdash; Vincent.&nbsp;</p>

<p>&ldquo;This motherfucker dressed up as an army [officer] and then got into the jail to visit me,&rdquo; Dontrell said. &ldquo;How the fuck did he do that? I don&rsquo;t know!&rdquo;</p>

<p>But that was just who Vincent was. &ldquo;It was like every situation,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;He was able to transform character. What can you do to fit in with the character? He could do it. He could be anyone he wanted to be.&rdquo;</p>

<p>For all the times when Vincent succeeded in transforming character and avoiding punishment, there were the ones when he failed. Like, for instance, every time he attempted to be a cop.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>That made five times now he’d been caught for the same crime</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>On August 16th, 2016, a couple of Chicago police officers were driving down the street on patrol in the city&rsquo;s River North district. They noticed a short Black man with broad shoulders purposefully walking on the sidewalk toward the SAE Institute media college. The man wore an Action K9 uniform &mdash; black polo shirt, black cargo pants, duty belt with handcuffs, flashlight, radio &mdash; and, according to a police report, he told people he was an on-duty Chicago police officer.</p>

<p>The actual police found Vincent and arrested him. A judge sentenced him back behind bars for 18 months.</p>

<p>Starting over would have been difficult for Vincent in 2016, no matter what dreams he pursued. Not a year had passed since he was 14 when he didn&rsquo;t catch some kind of charge or contend with parole or sit in lockup. Not great for an existence. Certainly not good for a r&eacute;sum&eacute;.</p>

<p>In the months after his release from the 2016 impersonation charge, Vincent talked his way into a security guard job with Action K9 Security, a company that works with Chicago police to monitor train lines. Action K9 soon fired him when he couldn&rsquo;t get the required state clearances for the job.&nbsp;</p>

<p>But that didn&rsquo;t matter to Vincent. He wanted to be a guard, even if he&rsquo;d been fired. So he kept pretending.</p>

<p>At another point, Vincent wore a suit into a Lexus car dealership and asked a salesman if he could test drive a new ES 350. He took the car out, wrecked it, then fled the scene. After receiving a sentence of house arrest for destroying the Lexus, Vincent popped his ankle monitor off so he could get back into the world.</p>

<p>Despite his history with automobiles, he later charmed his way into a job as a clerk at an Alamo Rent a Car. He walked in, filled out an application, and told the hiring manager that he had no prior arrests and had a bachelor&rsquo;s degree. Neither was true, obviously, but Vincent was able to work the job.</p>

<p>Until he got restless. One day, Vincent rented a car from the Alamo. Then he stopped showing up for work &mdash; without notice and without returning the vehicle. A week later, his bosses reported the vehicle stolen. Like most rental cars, it had a GPS. Vincent was at home when the police showed up. He was sitting on the couch; the car was sitting outside. Vincent ended up with a two-year prison sentence.</p>
<hr class="wp-block-separator" />
<p>Somehow, things were looking up. In the summer of 2020, even amidst the pandemic, Vincent found himself with one of the few secure jobs at the time: managing logistics for an Amazon warehouse. He organized trucks and mailing routes, ensuring that the second-largest company in the world could deliver Crocs and kitchenware and whatever else people were buying with their stimulus checks in 2020 throughout the Chicagoland area.</p>

<p>By landing this job, Vincent had accomplished something extraordinarily difficult. According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics, only about 40 percent of formerly incarcerated people are employed within four years of being released. And that survey doesn&rsquo;t account for race. On average, Black people in America are <a href="https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/race-and-ethnicity/2020/home.htm">nearly twice as likely as whites</a> to be unemployed. So, for people like Vincent, the Census Bureau numbers are probably even worse than they seem.</p>

<p>Sure, it&rsquo;s possible that he lied about his rap sheet to get the job. (Vincent, after implying that he did in conversation, now denies it.) Regardless, he had a salary and benefits. A 401(k) plan. He even got himself a hot rod, a 2021 Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat. Then he found himself a girlfriend and moved into an apartment with her in a Chicago suburb close to Naperville.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“I was going to work, the same routine every day, and it was boring,” he went on. “Was it killing me inside? Yeah.”</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>And yet, something nagged at Vincent. As he progressed in the job and received more responsibilities, he had more free time because he was managing people rather than delivering packages on his own. &ldquo;And when I started getting like a lot of time on my hands,&rdquo; he said, that&rsquo;s when &ldquo;shit happens.&rdquo;</p>

<p>So Vincent made moves. Getting a private security contractor license in Illinois requires a registration process, background check, and paying a $2,050 fee to a licensing agency. All of Vincent&rsquo;s felonies in the last decade would have disqualified him from getting such a permit. So he ignored that requirement entirely. After all, he&rsquo;d worked on and off as a security guard for most of his adult life. He could, instead, look the part.</p>
<img src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/24690948/236623_Kid_Cop_MOMatic_003.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" alt="" title="" data-has-syndication-rights="1" data-caption="" data-portal-copyright="Illustration by Max-o-matic for The Verge" />
<p>Instead, Vincent started looking on Facebook for businesses that needed private security. He found a few. And the process for starting an LLC is fairly simple: mail a few forms and a few dollars and wait. So he founded a company called Defense Public Safety Solutions, complete with a logo, letterhead, business cards, and an ID badge he made himself.</p>

<p>He started bidding for security contracts. He purchased dark blue security uniforms with gold badges and hired his friends to be guards. And he did all this while working a full-time job with Gardner Synergy Logistics, the Amazon affiliate that employed him.&nbsp;</p>

<p>It was a good hustle. It kept him busy. And it got him a little closer to the kind of life he&rsquo;d always wanted.</p>

<p>Then Vincent discovered an open contract for an apartment complex run by the Chicago Housing Authority. It was one that specifically sought out Chicago police in need of moonlight work.</p>

<p>Vincent, not being an actual cop, didn&rsquo;t have the official documentation. Instead, he tried the next best thing: he created social media accounts that might present him as a Chicago police officer. That was the idea, anyway. To bolster his online presence, he signed up for a SWAT training academy and likely planned to film it to make the videos look legitimate.&nbsp;</p>

<p>He started accounts under the handle @vince_CPD and began posting from his supposed job on the force. Videos and photos from a shooting range. Chicago police SUVs. Himself in a navy blue T-shirt with the Chicago Police Department insignia. On TikTok, he danced to the SpotemGottem track &ldquo;BeatBox&rdquo; while dressed as a Chicago police officer. The video went lightly viral, with more than 100,000 views.</p>

<p>Chicago detectives started tailing him. It wasn&rsquo;t long before this latest attempt to impersonate a police officer would get him in trouble, and he was briskly apprehended. That made five times now he&rsquo;d been caught for the same crime.</p>
<div class="wp-block-vox-media-highlight vox-media-highlight alignnone"><h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="">&nbsp;</h3>

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<cite class="custom text-light font-polysans-mono text-blurple mt-20 block">Two videos of Vincent Richardson posing as a Chicago police officer, made to post to social media as promotion for his security guard company.</cite>



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<p>Around mid-September 2022, Vincent was released from Cook County Jail. I picked him up before dawn, at 5AM. Wearing a white Haynes T-shirt, grey flowy sweat pants, white socks, and grey knockoff Adidas slides, Vincent dropped into the passenger&rsquo;s seat of my rental car and said, &ldquo;Get me the fuck outta here.&rdquo;</p>

<p>Rather than an expression of joy or relief that he was finally out of state custody, Vincent understandably had the demeanor of a man who&rsquo;d just wasted a lot of time doing something he&rsquo;d rather not have done. Recently, he was in the prison&rsquo;s rehab program, which earned him an early release.</p>

<p>It was strange because Vincent historically did not have issues with drugs or alcohol addiction. But you could argue that he had been addicted to something else: adrenaline.</p>

<p>&ldquo;I had to, like, adapt to that program,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;So they was always talking about drugs, but I don&rsquo;t do drugs. So I had to relate as close as possible to my own situation.&rdquo;</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“You act presentable. Usually, that’s enough for them.”</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>The way Vincent described it, anyone who knew him as a police impersonator misunderstood the impulses he had. It wasn&rsquo;t just that he wanted to be a cop. It was that being a cop afforded gave him that rush.</p>

<p>&ldquo;I got an impulsive adrenaline-seeking behavior,&rdquo; he said, &ldquo;and being a police officer, that&rsquo;s the type of job that &mdash; that&rsquo;s <em>that</em> every day.&rdquo; The job <em>requires</em> impulsive adrenaline-seeking behavior, he said. At the Amazon affiliate, &ldquo;I was going to work, the same routine every day, and it was boring,&rdquo; he went on. &ldquo;Was it killing me inside? Yeah.&rdquo;</p>

<p>As the drive progressed, Vincent was feeling reflective. There were big swaths of the journey, which lasted close to four hours, when neither of us would talk. And then he&rsquo;d let something loose, like he&rsquo;d been thinking about it for a long time:</p>

<p>&ldquo;As a cop, you learn how to critique yourself, especially with dealing with people. &lsquo;Cause the image is, it&rsquo;s everything. People size you up no matter what. They say, &lsquo;Oh, I could get one over on him,&rsquo; or &lsquo;I could try him and beat him.&rsquo; They look for that stuff. Criminals or people that&rsquo;s more advanced, they look like, &lsquo;He&rsquo;s easy,&rsquo; like a cop back there. So I learned that. It became who I am.&rdquo;</p>

<p>On that car ride, when I asked Vincent how he&rsquo;d gotten the Amazon-adjacent job, his answer wasn&rsquo;t totally illuminating. In fact, it was entirely predictable, given his life story. If Vincent was cool and confident, he could stroll into any job interview and people would often take him at his word. And they usually didn&rsquo;t bother to do any reference checks.</p>

<p>&ldquo;You dress nice, suit and tie or whatever the case may be,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;You act presentable. Usually, that&rsquo;s enough for them.&rdquo;</p>

<p>Which is to say that: maybe the best way to avoid the economic pitfalls of being a Black former prisoner in America is to just pretend that&rsquo;s not who you are. Stand bigger than you stand tall.</p>

<p>When I spoke with Dontrell, I asked him: who <em>is </em>Vincent Richardson, really?</p>

<p class="has-end-mark">&ldquo;This is a man who was tryin&rsquo; to get us behind that wall,&rdquo; Dontrell said. &ldquo;He was a chameleon. He could be anyone, and he was being a cop to expose how simple it was to cross over. He was showing us something about ourselves.&rdquo;</p>
						]]>
									</content>
			
					</entry>
			<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>Matt Stroud</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[The Pentagon is getting serious about AI weapons]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/12/17229150/pentagon-project-maven-ai-google-war-military" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/12/17229150/pentagon-project-maven-ai-google-war-military</id>
			<updated>2018-04-12T12:00:06-04:00</updated>
			<published>2018-04-12T12:00:06-04:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Verge Archives" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Aerospace engineer Mike Griffin says he is taking the threat of drone swarms &#8212; including those that could be driven by artificial intelligence &#8212; seriously. So is his employer, the US Department of Defense, as are top officials in the US Air Force. The threat is no longer theoretical. During an April 9th Washington, DC [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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											<![CDATA[

						
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<img alt="" data-caption="" data-portal-copyright="Photo by Sean Gallup / Getty Images" data-has-syndication-rights="1" src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10639029/545853562.jpg.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" />
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<p>Aerospace engineer Mike Griffin says he is taking the threat of drone swarms &mdash; including those that could be driven by artificial intelligence &mdash; seriously. So is his employer, the US Department of Defense, as are top officials in the US Air Force.</p>

<p>The threat is no longer theoretical. During an April 9th Washington, DC conference on the future of war sponsored by the nonprofit think tank New America, Griffin, a former space program director, who in February became the undersecretary of defense for research and engineering, noted that a small swarm of drones <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/who-is-attacking-russias-main-base-in-syria-a-new-mystery-emerges-in-the-war/2018/01/09/4fdaea70-f48d-11e7-9af7-a50bc3300042_story.html?noredirect=on&amp;utm_term=.99be792b17b8">in January</a> attacked a Russian air base in Syria.</p>

<p>&ldquo;Certainly, human-directed weapons systems can deal with one or two or a few drones if they see them coming, but can they deal with 103?&rdquo; Griffin asked. &ldquo;If they can deal with 103, which I doubt, can they deal with 1,000?&rdquo;</p>

<p>Griffin&rsquo;s comments came during a conversation about how to cope with drones and other weapons being outfitted with artificial intelligence, in which he argued for more earnest efforts on both offensive and defensive weapons. &ldquo;In an advanced society,&rdquo; he said, &ldquo;AI and cyber and some of these other newer realms offer possibilities to our adversaries to [target others successfully], and we must see to it that we cannot be surprised.&rdquo;</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“Certainly human-directed weapons systems can deal with one or two or a few drones &#8230; but can they deal with 103?”</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>He called for more serious work by the Pentagon, saying, &ldquo;There might be an artificial intelligence arms race, but we are not yet in it.&rdquo; America&rsquo;s adversaries, he said, &ldquo;understand very well the possible utility of machine learning. I think it&rsquo;s time we did as well.&rdquo;</p>

<p>His endorsement explained, in part, an expansive proposed buildup of the Defense Department&rsquo;s own drone force. <a href="http://dronecenter.bard.edu/drones-in-the-fy19-defense-budget/">An April 9th report from the Center for the Study of the Drone at Bard College</a> said the Defense Department&rsquo;s proposed 2019 budget for uncrewed systems and technologies includes a 25 percent increase over 2018 funding, which would allow it to reach $9.39 billion. That proposal includes funding for 3,447 new air, ground, and sea drones. In 2018, the budget called for only 807 new drones, according to the report.</p>

<p>The offensive side of drone technology is farther along than the defensive side &mdash; particularly when swarms are at issue. &ldquo;There&rsquo;s no provable, optimal scheme&rdquo; for defending against such swarms, Griffin said. So, the Pentagon might, as a result, have to build only &ldquo;a pretty good scheme.&rdquo; Otherwise, the enemy will have an uncontested shot at succeeding.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“There might be an artificial intelligence arms race, but we are not yet in it.”</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>Some technology experts are nervous about the accelerating drive toward weapons systems that use AI to make key attack decisions. In Geneva this week, representatives of 120 United Nations member countries began discussing a potential ban on lethal AI-infused weaponry at a forum organized by a United Nations group, known as the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS).</p>

<p>The US must &ldquo;commit to negotiate a legally-binding ban treaty without delay to draw the boundaries of future autonomy in weapon systems,&rdquo; Mary Wareham, advocacy director of Human Rights Watch&rsquo;s Arms Division, told the CCW. Such a treaty should &ldquo;prevent the development, production and use of fully autonomous weapons.&rdquo;</p>

<p>Separately, last week, thousands of Google employees wrote a letter protesting the tech giant&rsquo;s involvement in the Pentagon&rsquo;s &ldquo;pathfinder&rdquo; AI program, known as Project Maven. It&rsquo;s a mission run by the Office of the Secretary of Defense to process video from tactical drones &ldquo;in support of the Defeat-ISIS campaign,&rdquo; according to an April 2017 <a href="http://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/Project%20Maven%20DSD%20Memo%2020170425.pdf">memorandum</a> by Deputy Secretary of Defense Robert O. Work, who created the project.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>The proposal includes funding for 3,447 new air, ground, and sea drones</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>Budget documents describe Project Maven as a program developing AI, machine learning, and computer vision algorithms to &ldquo;detect, classify, and track objects&rdquo; seen in full-motion video captured by drones and other tools of &ldquo;Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance.&rdquo; It&rsquo;s essentially a method of picking out terrorists that could be targeted in drone missile attacks.</p>

<p>While the program is currently meant to help analyze downloaded video streams, the Pentagon wants to eventually fit the sensors themselves with the analytical gear &mdash; potentially giving the machines the capability to make decisions in real time. The Pentagon also wants to &ldquo;support the rapid expansion of AI to other mission areas,&rdquo; the <a href="http://comptroller.defense.gov/Portals/45/Documents/defbudget/fy2019/budget_justification/pdfs/03_RDT_and_E/RDTE_DAs_Vol_3B_of_5_OSD_FY19PB-RDTE_Exhibits_BA4-7.pdf">budget documents</a> state.</p>

<p>The overall Pentagon &ldquo;algorithmic warfare&rdquo; effort is supposed to get tens of millions of dollars of new funding in Trump&rsquo;s military budget for fiscal year 2018. The Pentagon has requested more than $93 million specifically for Project Maven in fiscal 2019, the documents state. That&rsquo;s up from $70 million in 2017, according to a Pentagon spokeswoman. &nbsp;</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>The “algorithmic warfare” effort is supposed to get tens of millions of dollars of new funding</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>These are among the reasons that Google employees expressed concern. &ldquo;We believe that Google should not be in the business of war,&rdquo; read <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/technology/google-letter-ceo-pentagon-project.html">the letter</a>, addressed to Google&rsquo;s chief executive, Sundar Pichai, requesting that the company end its work on the project. &ldquo;Building this technology to assist the US Government in military surveillance &mdash; and potentially lethal outcomes &mdash; is not acceptable.&rdquo;</p>

<p>When asked about the Google controversy at the New America conference, Gen. Stephen W. Wilson, the Air Force vice chief of staff, downplayed the Google employees&rsquo; concerns and said the program&rsquo;s only problem is that it hasn&rsquo;t been explained carefully enough. &ldquo;To set the record straight, what we&rsquo;re doing with Project Maven is we&rsquo;re trying to take into consideration, into the routine, the processing of pictures,&rdquo; he said. &nbsp;</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“This is where artificial intelligence is heading.”</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>&ldquo;You may have an intel analyst and, after some period of training, he or she can get it right 75 percent of the time,&rdquo; Wilson explained. &ldquo;Average computers can do 1,000 pictures per minute with 99 percent accuracy. So how can I leverage this human-machine team and let computers do what computers are good at, and let humans do what humans are good at, and then figure out the insights and the why and the analysis rather than competitive tasks?&rdquo;</p>

<p>&ldquo;This is where artificial intelligence is heading,&rdquo; he added.</p>

<p>Wilson suggested he, too, is an AI enthusiast. &ldquo;I think it&rsquo;s going to take all of us working together across academia, across the industry, across the departments, across all the national labs &hellip; and bringing them together in this competition with AI because that&rsquo;s, in fact, what China&rsquo;s doing.&rdquo;</p>

<p>Tate Nurkin, a defense and security analyst with IHS Aerospace, a London-based financial research firm, also sounded an alarm at the conference about China&rsquo;s massive state-run AI research program. He said that China&rsquo;s advances in AI could &ldquo;fundamentally change the competition with the U.S.&rdquo; and mentioned a swarm of 1,180 drones that the Chinese company EHang <a href="https://www.popsci.com/china-drone-swarms">showed off in December</a> at the Global Fortune Forum in Guangzhou. The country has said it wants to become the global leader in AI by 2030.</p>

<p><em>The&nbsp;</em><a href="https://www.publicintegrity.org/"><em>Center for Public Integrity</em></a><em>&nbsp;is a nonprofit investigative news organization in Washington, DC.</em></p>
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					</entry>
			<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>Matt Stroud</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[Inside the race for hypersonic weapons]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/6/17081590/hypersonic-missiles-long-range-arms-race-putin-speech" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/6/17081590/hypersonic-missiles-long-range-arms-race-putin-speech</id>
			<updated>2018-03-06T10:00:02-05:00</updated>
			<published>2018-03-06T10:00:02-05:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Verge Archives" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Russian president Vladimir Putin&#8217;s chest-thumping March 1st Moscow speech has gotten a lot of attention for its claims about a nuclear-powered cruise missile, its video showing warheads raining down on Tampa Bay, and its braggadocious tone likely directed at one very braggadocious American. Mostly overlooked, however, have been its provocative statements about an entirely new [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<img alt="" data-caption="Missile test from Russia-24. | &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NW_mfBPUyM&quot;&gt;Russia-24&lt;/a&gt;" data-portal-copyright="&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NW_mfBPUyM&quot;&gt;Russia-24&lt;/a&gt;" data-has-syndication-rights="1" src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10349015/Screen_Shot_2018_03_05_at_9.13.19_PM.png?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" />
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	Missile test from Russia-24. | <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NW_mfBPUyM">Russia-24</a>	</figcaption>
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<p>Russian president Vladimir Putin&rsquo;s chest-thumping March 1st Moscow <a href="http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/56957">speech</a> has gotten a lot of attention for its claims about a <a href="https://www.vox.com/world/2018/3/1/17066598/putin-speech-missile-nuclear-election">nuclear-powered cruise missile</a>, its video showing warheads <a href="http://www.tampabay.com/florida-politics/buzz/2018/03/02/why-did-putin-target-tampa-bay/">raining down on Tampa Bay</a>, and its braggadocious tone likely directed at <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/01/opinions/russia-missile-trump-opinion-vinograd/index.html">one very braggadocious American</a>. Mostly overlooked, however, have been its provocative statements about an entirely new class of weaponry that nuclear nations are racing to build: highly precise, long-range, hypersonic missiles.</p>

<p>Long a dream of military engineers in the United States, Russia, and China &mdash; each of which points to the other&rsquo;s work as justification for their own &mdash; hypersonics by all accounts pose a risk of altering the strategic calculations that have helped push off any direct conflict between nuclear powers.</p>

<p>Hypersonics are defined as weapons that can fly at more than five times the speed of sound, travel much lower in the atmosphere than traditional ballistic missiles, and maneuver midflight. The potential advantages are clear: hypersonic missiles would allow a nation to strike an adversary in a matter of minutes. The weapons&rsquo; low trajectory allows them to travel much farther and more stealthily than other missiles, and their maneuverability allows them to evade missile defenses that nations might spend billions of dollars to create.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>Long a dream of military engineers in the United States, Russia, and China</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>Besides the three superpowers, France and India are <a href="https://www.rand.org/blog/2016/10/the-future-of-hypersonic-weapons.html">among the nations in pursuit</a> of the complicated and challenging technologies needed to field a battle-capable hypersonic missile. None have yet to achieve one. To the contrary, the pursuit has been marked by some spectacular failures. In August 2014, for example, the US Army deliberately <a href="https://www.space.com/26944-us-military-hypersonic-weapon-test-explodes.html">destroyed</a> a test weapon over the Gulf of Alaska after about four seconds into an errant flight. Chinese tests have <a href="https://jamestown.org/program/updated-chinese-hypersonic-weapons-development/">failed similarly</a>. Russian tests <a href="http://russianforces.org/blog/2015/06/summary_of_the_project_4202_de.shtml">have failed</a>, too.</p>

<p>While the US Navy announced a <a href="https://news.usni.org/2017/11/03/navy-conducts-flight-test-support-conventional-prompt-strike-ohio-class-boomers">successful test of a prototype hypersonic missile</a> in November, the fielding of such an American weapon is considered years away. In his speech, Putin obviously wanted to change the narrative of a long-distance race between peers by abruptly placing Russia ahead of the US and China. He alluded to multiple hypersonic weapons systems that he claimed were in trial deployment or final testing.</p>

<p>One was what Putin called a hypersonic warhead for Russia&rsquo;s new Sarmat intercontinental ballistic missile, which Putin said &ldquo;can attack targets both via the North and South poles.&rdquo; The Sarmat isn&rsquo;t operational yet, but Putin noted its ability to carry a &ldquo;broad range of powerful nuclear warheads&rdquo; and evade a robust Western missile defense system.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>The pursuit has been marked by some spectacular failures</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>Putin did not set a timeline for the Sarmat&rsquo;s deployment, but a video of the test and animation he showed indicate it&rsquo;s either on track to be deployed in 2020, as <a href="http://russianforces.org/blog/2014/02/sarmat_icbm_to_be_ready_by_202.shtml">previously announced</a> or ahead of schedule. A potential hypersonic warhead for such a missile would not follow a parabolic arc to impact its target, but would instead flatten its trajectory after reentering Earth&rsquo;s atmosphere, behaving like a cruise missile. It would be flying at such incredibly high speed and such a low altitude that radar would have a hard time tracking it, and defensive weapons would have a hard time engaging it.</p>

<p>Such a weapon reaches &ldquo;its target like a meteorite, like a ball of fire,&rdquo; Putin said, at 20 times the speed of sound. (American officials have made <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/technology/hypersonic-plane-to-fly-at-20-times-speed-of-sound-20120717-227l9.html">similar claims</a> about the US&rsquo;s own project in development.) This hypersonic glide weapon has been in development since 2004, Putin said, but he did not set a timeline for deployment.</p>

<p>A more ambitious Putin claim concerned the Kinzhal, or Dagger, missile. It&rsquo;s the latest version of a missile that&rsquo;s been <a href="http://pvo.guns.ru/naval/kinzhal.htm">in development since the 1980s</a>. Putin claimed that the aircraft-carried Kinzhal&rsquo;s latest iteration can deliver either a nuclear or conventional warhead at a distance of more than 1,200 miles. In an animation shown during Putin&rsquo;s speech, the Kinzhal missile destroyed a fleet of navy ships.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“Like a meteorite, like a ball of fire.”</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>The Kinzhal travels at 10 times the speed of sound and has been, Putin said, in trial service at airfields in southern Russia since December 1st. If Putin&rsquo;s claims are accurate, the Kinzhal would indeed put Russia ahead of its competitors &mdash; and he knows it. &ldquo;It is the only one of its kind in the world,&rdquo; he boasted.</p>

<p>Pavel Podvig, director of the <a href="http://russianforces.org/podvig/">Russian Nuclear Forces Project</a> in Geneva, said that may be the case. Based on a video shown during Putin&rsquo;s speech, Podvig said, &ldquo;it appears that they&rsquo;ve demonstrated the capability&rdquo; to develop a hypersonic missile. He remained uncertain, however, if &ldquo;it actually provides Russia with any useful and meaningful military capabilities.&rdquo;</p>

<p>James Acton, co-director of the Nuclear Policy Program and a senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, was more worried, calling Putin&rsquo;s remarks &ldquo;really, really bad&rdquo; <a href="https://twitter.com/james_acton32/status/969211693459963905">on Twitter</a>. &ldquo;Over the last couple of decades, the US and Russia have not been focused on the same thing,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;The US has been focused on non-nuclear hypersonic munitions, while Russia has been focused on nuclear-armed hypersonic munitions.&rdquo;</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“Really, really bad.”</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>Since a nuclear weapon is more destructive than a non-nuclear weapon, Acton said, the mechanism for delivery doesn&rsquo;t need to be as precise; it can miss by hundreds of yards or more and still obliterate its target. A non-nuclear weapon, on the other hand, needs to hit its target within a matter of yards.</p>

<p>That indicates three things, Acton said. First, that Russia has apparently moved forward with a hypersonic missile that&rsquo;s less accurate than what the US is developing. Second, that Russia remains squarely focused on delivering nuclear warheads. And third, that Russia and the US aren&rsquo;t actually competing on the same ground.</p>

<p>&ldquo;If you want to think about this as a horserace, frankly the US and Russia are running different courses,&rdquo; he said. &ldquo;The Russian course is much shorter and easier than the course the US has embarked upon. And I imagine that if the US wanted to deploy a nuclear-armed hypersonic glider, they could do so without much difficulty.&rdquo;</p>

<p>Whether the race is with horses or armaments, the US remains fully engaged.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“We’re in a competition with countries like China and Russia.”</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>&ldquo;We very much acknowledge that we&rsquo;re in a competition with countries like China and Russia,&rdquo; said Steven H. Walker, director of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, in a panel discussion with defense reporters on the morning of Putin&rsquo;s speech.</p>

<p>&ldquo;I&rsquo;m not going to confirm or deny President Putin&rsquo;s statements,&rdquo; he said, &ldquo;but I think it&rsquo;s been widely reported that China and Russia are active and have been developing capabilities in hypersonics.&rdquo; Walker said the&nbsp;Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency&nbsp;(DARPA) has also been developing such capabilities for decades.</p>

<p>In a stair-step process, as Russia and China have pushed ahead, the United States has increased its own efforts, at a growing expense. Last spring, Walker said, DARPA lobbied then-United States deputy secretary of defense Robert O. Work to help fund a national initiative to increase funding for hypersonic capabilities. Then, in fall 2017, DARPA asked the Trump administration for additional hypersonic-specific funding.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>DARPA asked the Trump administration for additional hypersonic funding</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>Its plan largely succeeded. According to figures provided by DARPA, funding for hypersonic initiatives in 2017 stood at $85.8 million. That increased by 27 percent to $108.6 million in the 2018 budget. &ldquo;I don&rsquo;t think we got everything we wanted,&rdquo; Walker went on, &ldquo;but it was a good first step.&rdquo;</p>

<p>This year, the effort jumped even more: DARPA&rsquo;s request for 2019 bumps funding up 136 percent to $256.7 million.</p>

<p>The increase in spending on the US side and the bluster from Russia is a familiar back-and-forth, said Daryl G. Kimball, executive director of the Arms Control Association in Washington, DC.</p>

<p>&ldquo;States with advanced military technologies view them as advantageous when they have a monopoly on their possession, but they can become problems down the road,&rdquo; Kimball said. This occurred with ballistic missiles, too, Kimball said: Germany developed the technology; the United States and Russia raced to catch up; and eventually, a swarm of other countries followed. Today, <a href="https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/missiles">31 countries possess ballistic missiles</a>. Hypersonics are the latest technology in this cycle, Kimball said. And if halting hypersonic one-upmanship between the US and Russia is a goal, prospects seem bleak.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“They make an arms race a lot more likely.”</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>In his speech on Thursday, Putin justified Russia&rsquo;s pursuit of hypersonics by noting that the US withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in 2002. In a statement on Thursday, White House press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders <a href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/watch-live-white-house-may-address-hope-hicks-resignation-tariffs-gun-control">responded</a> similarly, noting that Russia has been developing &ldquo;destabilizing weapons systems for over a decade in direct violations of its treaty obligations.&rdquo;</p>

<p>The danger of hypersonic weapons lies in the way they risk changing the relationship between rivals, Acton said. &ldquo;[They] make arms control a lot harder. They make an arms race a lot more likely. They feed a more antagonistic relationship. And that, in turn, makes crisis and conflict and ultimately nuclear use more likely. So people are going to focus on yet more ways that Russians can kill Americans. That&rsquo;s right ultimately, but not because they don&rsquo;t already have the ability to do it anyway. It&rsquo;s because these systems make managing US-Russian strategic relations harder, and makes a breakdown in deterrence &mdash; i.e., nuclear war &mdash; more likely.&rdquo;</p>

<p><em>The&nbsp;</em><a href="https://www.publicintegrity.org/"><em>Center for Public Integrity</em></a><em>&nbsp;is a nonprofit investigative news organization in Washington, DC.</em></p>
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									</content>
			
					</entry>
			<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>Matt Stroud</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[Meet the company trying to break the taser monopoly]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/13/17007376/axon-taser-monopoly-digital-ally-wireless" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/13/17007376/axon-taser-monopoly-digital-ally-wireless</id>
			<updated>2018-02-13T13:06:18-05:00</updated>
			<published>2018-02-13T13:06:18-05:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Report" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Tech" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Last month, Digital Ally, a Kansas-based company known for its police body and dashboard cameras, announced that it had secured a patent for a new conducted electrical weapon. This marked the first time in more than a decade that a serious player in the police business showed interest in building a newer and better taser. [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<img alt="" data-caption="" data-portal-copyright="Photo credit should read GUILLAUME SOUVANT/AFP/Getty Images" data-has-syndication-rights="1" src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/10218701/630470164.jpg.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" />
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<p>Last month, Digital Ally, a Kansas-based company known for its police body and dashboard cameras, announced that it had <a href="https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2017/12/05/1229044/0/en/Digital-Ally-Awarded-Patent-on-Its-Wirelessly-Conducted-Electroshock-Weapon.html">secured a patent</a> for a new conducted electrical weapon. This marked the first time in more than a decade that a serious player in the police business showed interest in building a newer and better taser.</p>

<p>Ever since 2003, when one of the two companies making tasers bought <a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1069183/000095015303001234/p67967exv99w1.htm">out the other</a>, there has effectively been a taser monopoly. If you&rsquo;ve ever seen a police officer carrying a taser, that taser was almost certainly manufactured by the publicly traded company formerly known as Taser International, now named <a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/AAXN/">Axon Enterprise, Inc.</a></p>

<p>Axon&rsquo;s version of the taser isn&rsquo;t perfect. It uses copper wires to transmit an electrical charge, and those wires can be awkward and clumsy. And even though tasers were once marketed as &ldquo;<a href="https://buy.taser.com/test/">non-lethal</a>&rdquo; weapons, they&rsquo;ve nonetheless played a role in <a href="https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-taser-database/">more than 1,000 deaths</a> and counting.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>Ever since 2003, there has effectively been a taser monopoly</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>Axon&rsquo;s market dominance is unmatched. An <a href="https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/lpd13et.pdf">overwhelming majority</a> of United States police departments carry Axon&rsquo;s tasers today. And while Axon has gotten a lot of recent attention for <a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/07/522878573/we-re-more-than-stun-guns-says-taser-as-it-changes-company-name">last year&rsquo;s name change</a> and its outward focus on police body cameras, evidence management systems, and <a href="https://vimeo.com/210493349"><em>RoboCop</em>-inspired artificial intelligence gambits</a>, shock weapons are still where Axon&rsquo;s money is made: more than 75 percent of its <a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1069183/000106918317000042/a10ktasr123116.htm">annual revenue in 2016</a> came from selling tasers.</p>

<p>So it makes sense that another company would try to make a better taser and challenge Axon&rsquo;s monopoly. Digital Ally&rsquo;s device is still in the early stages &mdash; it has the patent and is working on a prototype &mdash; but the company&rsquo;s engineers saw a couple aspects of Axon&rsquo;s taser that they hoped to improve. One was the wires.</p>

<p>When a shooter pulls the trigger of an Axon taser, compressed nitrogen <a href="https://help.buy.taser.com/hc/en-us/articles/220814407-How-does-a-TASER-work-">shoots</a> two-pronged darts from the weapon&rsquo;s barrel, which are attached to electrically charged copper wires. Tasers generally only function properly if the shooter&rsquo;s target happens to be within 15 feet or so of the shooter, and if the darts get close enough to (or impale) the target&rsquo;s skin. If the distance is too great, or if the darts don&rsquo;t connect with the target in just the right way, the taser is going to fail. If that sounds like a lot of variables to take into consideration when firing a weapon in a high-intensity police interaction, it is. Axon&rsquo;s tasers have been criticized for being effective <a href="http://www.latimes.com/local/crime/la-me-lapd-tasers-20160401-story.html">only a little more than half the time</a> with some departments, and they are notorious for failing to work when <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/29/12059122/police-tech-violence-taser-bruce-kelly-jr-case">someone&rsquo;s wearing a coat</a>.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>Tasers have played a role in more than 1,000 deaths</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>Instead of using wires, Digital Ally&rsquo;s director of engineering, Steve Phillips, decided that radio frequencies would work better to send electricity into a target. Instead of attaching darts to wires, Digital Ally&rsquo;s taser &mdash; its <a href="http://google.com/patents/US20160349019">patented</a> &ldquo;wirelessly conducted electronic weapon&rdquo; &mdash; uses compressed gas to shoot a projectile that doesn&rsquo;t necessarily emit an electrical charge, but can do so if the shooter decides it&rsquo;s necessary.</p>

<p>This isn&rsquo;t the first time a company has tried to create a wireless electrical weapon. For a few years, Axon attempted to market something called <a href="https://gizmodo.com/276481/video-of-xrep-wireless-taser-shotgun-shocking-some-dude">the XREP</a> &mdash; a shotgun that fired an electrically charged projectile as far as 100 feet and then doled out a 20-second shock when it made contact with a target. One problem, Phillips said, was that the XREP was too bulky. &ldquo;Who wants to carry around a shotgun wherever they go?&rdquo; he said. Another was that there was no way to control the 20-second charge. So, Digital Ally made the device smaller and designed a remote control.</p>

<p>Another advantage with such a design, Phillips said, is that police might potentially track a suspect if the charge doesn&rsquo;t work or the officer decides not to shock the target. Phillips equated the idea to &ldquo;<a href="https://www.theverge.com/2013/10/31/5051352/gps-cannons-could-take-the-danger-out-of-police-car-chases-but-are">GPS cannons</a>,&rdquo; which are designed to launch location-tracking devices onto cars that speed away from officers. Cops can then track where the cars are going and send backup there, rather than participating in a dangerous high-speed pursuit. In the case of Digital Ally&rsquo;s taser, the devices are shot onto humans rather than vehicles. &nbsp;</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“We want to minimize the use of the shock.”</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>Digital Ally claims the ability to control the shock may result in fewer people getting electrocuted, therefore lowering the risk that someone could be killed. &ldquo;We want to minimize the use of the shock,&rdquo; Phillips explained.</p>

<p>In Phillips&rsquo; estimation, the threat of the shock is often enough to calm a suspect down. So the idea would be that, in an interaction with a suspect, an officer could shoot the projectile at the suspect and then warn them that if they don&rsquo;t comply with orders, they&rsquo;d be shocked with an electrical charge, which the officer could turn on and off from the taser gun itself. Having the option to not shock someone at all would reduce the risk, Phillips said. Setting a time threshold &mdash; a limit on the number of seconds that the suspect could be shocked to avoid <a href="https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-taser-x26/">potentially deadly cardiac capture</a> &mdash; would reduce it further. &nbsp;</p>

<p>&ldquo;There are always going to be circumstances you can&rsquo;t avoid in policing,&rdquo; said Stan Ross, Digital Ally&rsquo;s chief executive officer, referring to unforeseen life-threatening situations, such as when a person hits their head on the ground or falls off a ledge after being shocked with a taser. &ldquo;But we believe we can bring safety features that are not available at this point that could save lives.&rdquo;</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“They sued us out of business.”</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>Digital Ally isn&rsquo;t the first to attempt to launch a taser competitor since 2003. Robert Gruder, a Tampa, Florida-based businessman, tried to do it twice &mdash; once with a company called Stinger Systems, and again with a company called Karbon Arms. Axon (then Taser International) went after him both times with every legal tool it could. &ldquo;Needless to say, they had a bigger bankroll than us,&rdquo; Gruder <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/31/5363546/how-taser-defeated-its-last-electroshock-rival">told me</a> back in 2014. &ldquo;They sued us out of business.&rdquo; Phazzer, another company that&rsquo;s been trying to pull off a taser competitor for years, likely isn&rsquo;t far from that same fate. Last year, a Florida judge ruled that its executives had &ldquo;<a href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/07/axon-maker-of-the-taser-weapon-defeats-copycat-firm-in-patent-lawsuit/">engaged in a pattern of bad faith behavior</a>&rdquo; and ordered a permanent injunction barring it from selling Phazzer tasers. Phazzer has appealed the decision.</p>

<p>What separates Digital Ally from these other potential taser competitors is that it&rsquo;s already established in the police business. Unlike, Stinger, Karbon, and Phazzer, Digital Ally already sells dashboard and on-body cameras to more than 6,000 police departments. A taser would thus be a new product offering for Digital Ally, rather than something to build an entire company around from scratch.</p>

<p>Digital Ally has also already been successful fighting Axon in court. Digital Ally sued Axon in 2016 for infringement over its auto-activation body camera patent, among <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4358421-Digital-Ally-v-Taser-COMPLAINT-012016.html">other things</a>. Digital Ally has so far been successful in court regarding auto-activation and is scheduled for a pre-trial hearing with Axon in the spring.</p>

<p>But would police departments buy Digital Ally&rsquo;s taser? Could the taser monopoly be upended? Digital Ally has certainly identified parts of Axon&rsquo;s taser design that it feels can be improved. At <a href="https://buy.taser.com/taser-x2/">$1,399.99 per unit</a>, Axon&rsquo;s tasers are expensive, and they need new cartridges every time a taser is fired. (Digital Ally is too early in the process to have identified a price point or sales structure of the weapons or cartridges.) Police departments tend to renegotiate their taser contracts either as standalone agreements, or as part of tie-in contracts for body cameras and other equipment, but Digital Ally can compete in that space as well. Teaming up with Safariland, Digital Ally was <a href="http://www.policemag.com/channel/technology/news/2017/10/24/vievu-adds-digital-ally-s-camera-auto-activation-system-to-body-cameras.aspx">added last year as part of a major contract</a> to provide body cameras to the New York Police Department, beating out Axon and others. Might the NYPD also purchase its tasers from Digital Ally? And if so, might other agencies as well?</p>

<p>It&rsquo;s mostly a hypothetical question at this point. Digital Ally hasn&rsquo;t gone into production on its new taser, and its executives wouldn&rsquo;t tell me when they plan to. An Axon representative declined to comment. But I put the hypothetical question to <a href="https://twitter.com/PoliceLawProf">Seth Stoughton</a>, a former officer with the Tallahassee Police Department who&rsquo;s now a University of South Carolina law professor studying the uses and effectiveness of police body cameras. He also knows quite a bit about Axon&rsquo;s history. I asked him: does Digital Ally have any chance of challenging Axon in the taser market?</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“Axon is pretty protective of its market share.”</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>&ldquo;Maybe, if they can show that having a wireless projectile is safer/better/more effective than having a wired projectile,&rdquo; he wrote in an email. &ldquo;One of the complaints about TASERs that I hear from officers is that they get shocked when they come into incidental or accidental contact with the wires&#8230; But Axon is pretty protective of its market share, so I expect that this will be contested in the marketplace and in the court of public (and police) opinion, if not in an actual courtroom.&rdquo;</p>

<p>Stan Ross, Digital Ally&rsquo;s CEO, said he&rsquo;s in it for the long run. &ldquo;We think we have a real competitor here,&rdquo; he said. If he&rsquo;s right, it&rsquo;d be the first one in more than a decade.</p>
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					</entry>
			<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>Matt Stroud</name>
			</author>
			
			<author>
				<name>Alan Hovorka</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[Exclusive: Minneapolis police had body cams that should have automatically recorded Justine Damond’s killing]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/20/16004000/axon-minneapolis-police-justine-damond-body-cam" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/20/16004000/axon-minneapolis-police-justine-damond-body-cam</id>
			<updated>2017-07-20T13:23:25-04:00</updated>
			<published>2017-07-20T13:23:25-04:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Policy" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[On the evening of July 15th, two Minneapolis police officers responded to a 911 call in the city&#8217;s upscale Fulton neighborhood. When the officers arrived, Justine Damond &#8212; a 40-year-old, white Australian woman wearing pajamas &#8212; emerged outside and stood next to the cruiser&#8217;s driver&#8217;s side window. She described the incident that caused her to [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<p>On the evening of July 15th, two Minneapolis police officers <a href="http://www.startribune.com/australian-woman-justine-damond-fatally-shot-by-minneapolis-police-officer/434782213/#1">responded to a 911 call</a> in the city&rsquo;s upscale Fulton neighborhood. When the officers arrived, Justine Damond &mdash; a 40-year-old, white Australian woman wearing pajamas &mdash; emerged outside and stood next to the cruiser&rsquo;s driver&rsquo;s side window. She described the incident that caused her to call 911 &mdash; a possible sexual assault in the alleyway behind the home that she shared with her fianc&eacute;, whom she planned to marry the following month. &nbsp;</p>

<p>Because the two cops in the cruiser failed to record the interaction, it&rsquo;s unclear what happened next. What we do know is that, during the interaction, the officer in the passenger&rsquo;s seat, Mohamed Noor, pulled out his firearm and shot Damond through the driver&rsquo;s side door, killing her. In the aftermath of Damond&rsquo;s death, media reports focused on <a href="http://www.startribune.com/failure-to-turn-on-body-cameras-flouted-minneapolis-police-policy/434991553/#1">why the officer failed to turn on the body camera he was wearing</a>.</p>

<p>He shouldn&rsquo;t have had to.</p>

<p>Last year, the Minneapolis Police Department paid $55,800 for products designed to automatically record police interactions without officers having to worry about manually turning on their body cameras.</p>

<p>According to <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3897988-Minneapolis-Body-Camera-Contract-Line-Items.html">documents</a> obtained by <em>The Verge</em> through Minnesota&rsquo;s Freedom of Information Act, the department arranged to purchase 200 Axon Signal Units in March 2016. The <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3898000-ASU-Installation-Manual.html">Axon Signal Unit</a> is an automatic recording product designed to be installed in a police cruiser. It is capable of turning on an officer&rsquo;s body camera in a number of circumstances, such as when the cruiser&rsquo;s light bar is engaged, when its crash sensors are activated, when it reaches a certain speed, when its front and rear doors are opened, or when nearby dashboard cameras or body cameras are switched on. &ldquo;Signal guarantees that all footage goes recorded and saved,&rdquo; according to <a href="https://www.axon.com/company/news/record-without-lifting-a-finger">online sales materials</a> from Axon Enterprise, Minneapolis PD&rsquo;s body camera provider.</p>

<p>The Axon Signal purchase is part of a five-year contract between Axon and Minneapolis PD that includes both body camera equipment and Taser weapons. The city agreed to pay about $4.7 million for the contract that outfitted the entire city&rsquo;s police force with cameras. The $4.7 million is just part of a total bill of about $6.4 million over five years,<em> </em>the<em> Star Tribune</em> <a href="http://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-approves-4-million-deal-for-body-cameras/370284411/">reported</a>.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>The police department paid for products designed to automatically record</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>Axon body cameras also record a 30-second buffer, so that the camera captures whatever occurred a half-minute prior to when the recording starts, saving it if the camera is activated. The<em> Star Tribune</em> <a href="http://www.startribune.com/failure-to-turn-on-body-cameras-flouted-minneapolis-police-policy/434991553/#1">reported</a> that dashcam video was turned on in the officers&rsquo; squad car, which might have engaged Axon Signal and turned on other cameras within a 30-foot radius, depending on how the Signal Unit was configured. But representatives of the state&rsquo;s Bureau of Criminal Apprehension said it did not capture the incident.</p>

<p>An Axon spokesman, Steve Tuttle, said it&rsquo;s up to each agency to determine which kind of event &mdash; a light bar, for example, or a dashcam turning on &mdash; would then turn on surrounding body cameras.</p>

<p>&ldquo;Some agencies have selected the use of the light bar or the siren and some include electronic gun rack locks, etc.,&rdquo; Tuttle wrote in an email to <em>The Verge</em>. &ldquo;While it can be applied to the opening of doors, that means it would do that every time the door is opened which many agencies have not selected to use.&rdquo;</p>

<p>Tuttle said he could not comment on how Minneapolis&rsquo; police leaders designed the system to work: &ldquo;I&rsquo;m unaware as to how certain agencies have chosen to do this on each and every vehicle and/or motorcycle.&rdquo;</p>

<p>Spokespeople for the Minneapolis PD did not respond to voice messages or emails seeking comment. A spokesman for Minneapolis&rsquo; mayor did not respond to requests via email and voice message seeking comment. A statement from Noor&rsquo;s family, <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2017/07/20/mohamed-noors-family-calls-justine-damonds-shooting-sincere-event/494852001/">reported by <em>USA Today</em></a>, called the incident &ldquo;unfortunate.&rdquo; &#8220;We feel so bad about this, we are traumatized ourselves,&#8221; the family&rsquo;s statement read. &#8220;If you wait for the investigation you&#8217;ll know it was an honest and sincere event that transpired. Until then we can&#8217;t really say anything.&#8221; &nbsp;</p>

<p>Minneapolis PD&rsquo;s <a href="http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/police/policy/mpdpolicy_4-200_4-200">body camera policy</a> requires that officers record video during any &ldquo;critical incident&rdquo; occurring in the line of duty. Though Axon Signal can engage body cameras when a cruiser&rsquo;s lights are turned on, a report from the <em>Star Tribune</em> indicates the officers approaching Damond&rsquo;s home had their <a href="http://www.startribune.com/attorney-reasonable-to-believe-officer-feared-ambush-when-he-shot-justine-damond/435415343/#1">lights turned off</a>. &nbsp;</p>

<p>Minnesota ACLU interim director <a href="https://www.aclu.org/news/aclu-responds-minneapolis-police-officers-failure-activate-body-cameras-justine-damond-killing">Teresa Nelson called</a> for the release of the audio from the 911 call and any dash camera audio and / or video from the incident. The City of Minneapolis released transcripts of Damond&rsquo;s 911 calls Wednesday, according to <a href="http://www.startribune.com/911-call-before-being-shot-by-officer-justine-damond-called-in-possible-rape/435423423/">the<em> Star Tribune</em></a><em>.</em></p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>“This violation of policy thwarted the public’s right to know what happened”</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>&#8220;By failing to turn on their body cameras when they encountered Ms. Damond, the two Minneapolis Police officers violated their department&rsquo;s policy, 4-223, on body cameras,&rdquo; Nelson said in <a href="https://www.aclu.org/news/aclu-responds-minneapolis-police-officers-failure-activate-body-cameras-justine-damond-killing">a statement</a>. &ldquo;This violation of policy thwarted the public&rsquo;s right to know what happened to Ms. Damond and why the police killed her. The two officers broke the policy not only when they didn&rsquo;t activate the body cameras before the incident, but also when they failed to do so after the use of force.&rdquo;</p>

<p>The incident comes at a time when body cameras &mdash; once a nearly universal answer to how communities could more effectively monitor and establish ties with local police &mdash; are becoming more controversial. State laws are <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/12/15768920/police-body-camera-state-secret">clamping down</a> on public access to body camera footage. And while products like Axon Signal are designed to ensure that body camera footage is captured &mdash; for the courts, if not necessarily for the public &mdash; incidents like this one show that it&rsquo;s not foolproof solution. Meanwhile, Axon is embroiled in a long-standing court battle with a competitor, Digital Ally, over whether its auto-activation products <a href="https://www.benzinga.com/news/17/07/9754300/axon-responds-to-digital-allys-patent-board-victory-this-process-is-far-from-over">violate a Digital Ally patent</a>. &nbsp;</p>

<p>Damond&rsquo;s death, and the circumstances surrounding it, have attracted worldwide attention.</p>

<p><em>The Associated Press </em><a href="http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_POLICE_SHOOTING_MINNEAPOLIS?SITE=AP&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT">reported</a> on Wednesday, July 20th that Noor&rsquo;s partner, Officer Matthew Harrity, told investigators he was startled by a loud sound near their car right before Noor shot and killed Damond.</p>

<p>Responses to the incident have been heated, especially in Damond&rsquo;s native country of Australia.</p>

<p>Her hometown newspaper, <em>The Daily Telegraph</em> of Sydney, ran the <a href="https://twitter.com/dailytelegraph/status/887060527674925056">front page headline</a> &ldquo;American nightmare.&rdquo; The <a href="https://www.apnews.com/d5ed53942cd94a0f9b69f800aedb0d64/Australians-see-woman%27s-shooting-by-police-as-US-nightmare"><em>AP</em> reported</a> that news of her death was embedded into Australian national discussion &mdash; newspapers, radio, websites, and TV &mdash; for days.</p>
<img src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/8884579/TelegraphCover.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" alt="" title="" data-has-syndication-rights="1" data-caption="" data-portal-copyright="" />
<p>&ldquo;The country is infested with possibly more guns than people,&rdquo; Philip Alpers, a gun policy analyst with the University of Sydney who has studied the stark differences in gun laws between the nations, told the <em>AP</em>. In Australia, strict regulations dictate who can own firearms. &ldquo;We see America as a very risky place in terms of gun violence &mdash; and so does the rest of the world.&rdquo;</p>

<p>Damond&rsquo;s family and some 300 friends held a silent vigil for the woman on Wednesday on a Sydney beach.</p>

<p>Tuesday evening &mdash; Wednesday morning in Australia &mdash; Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull demanded answers on Australia&rsquo;s <em>Today Show</em>.</p>

<p>&ldquo;How can a woman out in the street in her pajamas seeking assistance from police be shot like that? It is a shocking killing,&rdquo; Turnbull said. &ldquo;We are demanding answers on behalf of her family. And our hearts go out to her family and all of her friends and loved ones. It&rsquo;s a truly tragic, tragic killing there in Minneapolis.&rdquo;</p>
<div class="documentcloud-embed"><a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3898181-Minneapolis-Body-Camera-Contract-Line-Items.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">View Link</a></div>
<p><strong>Correction: </strong><em>This article previously stated that the Bureau of Criminal Apprehension was a city organization. In fact, it is a state organization.</em></p>
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					</entry>
			<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>Matt Stroud</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[Police body camera footage is becoming a state secret]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/12/15768920/police-body-camera-state-secret" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/12/15768920/police-body-camera-state-secret</id>
			<updated>2017-06-12T11:47:24-04:00</updated>
			<published>2017-06-12T11:47:24-04:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Policy" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Report" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Official Police Business is a column and newsletter by reporter Matt Stroud about new developments in police technology and the way it&#8217;s changing law enforcement&#160;&#8212;&#160;think body cameras, cell-site simulators, surveillance systems, and electroshock weapons. Sign up to receive OPB in your email at&#160;officialpolicebusiness.com, or check for it here at&#160;The Verge. Late last month, The New [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<p><em>Official Police Business is a column and newsletter by reporter Matt Stroud about new developments in police technology and the way it&rsquo;s changing law enforcement&nbsp;</em>&mdash;&nbsp;<em>think body cameras, cell-site simulators, surveillance systems, and electroshock weapons. Sign up to receive OPB in your email at&nbsp;</em><a href="http://officialpolicebusiness.com/"><em>officialpolicebusiness.com</em></a><em>, or check for it here at&nbsp;</em>The Verge<em>.</em></p>

<p>Late last month, <em>The New York Times </em>published a piece, headlined &ldquo;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/28/us/body-cameras-police-video.html?_r=0">Hollywood-Style Heroism Is Latest Trend in Police Videos</a>,&rdquo; about body camera footage that depicts police officers as paragons of bravery. One video, from the Hamden Police Department in Connecticut, showed an officer pulling a troubled man away from the edge of a building. Another, from the Topeka Police Department in Kansas, showed an officer rescuing a drowning boy from a pond. These videos were not released at the request of journalists or civilians hoping to shed light on police activity. They were instead released by police employees as counter programming &mdash; a way to characterize cops positively when tales of &ldquo;bad apples&rdquo; overtook the news cycle. &ldquo;The chief talked to me about how Topeka was really getting beat up in the news with some shootings, some homicides,&rdquo; an officer told the<em> Times</em>. &ldquo;Topeka really needed a good story.&rdquo;</p>

<p>Cops deserve credit when they do good, but these positive police videos emerge as states work to keep less flattering videos hidden.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>The videos were instead released as counter programming</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>North Carolina, for example, passed legislation last year excluding body camera video from the public record, so footage is not available through North Carolina&rsquo;s Public Records Act. That means civilians have no right to view police recordings in the Tar Heel state unless their voice or image was captured in the video.</p>

<p>Louisiana also exempts body camera video from public records laws.</p>

<p>South Carolina will only release body camera footage to criminal defendants and the subjects of recordings.</p>

<p>Kansas classifies body camera video as &ldquo;criminal investigation documents&rdquo; available only when investigations are closed. The Topeka Police Department may have wanted positive public relations with the release of its pond rescue video, but if a news outlet had requested that video through Kansas&rsquo; Open Records Act, that request would&rsquo;ve likely been denied.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>Civilians have no right to view police recordings</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>This opaque state of affairs was not how body cameras were originally pitched. Body cameras have been available to police since at least 2007 when Steve Ward, a salesman for Taser International, broke off from the company, now known as Axon Enterprise. He then formed his own body camera company, Vievu. But body cameras weren&rsquo;t considered a necessary police tool until the aftermath of Michael Brown&rsquo;s killing by police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri, in 2014.</p>

<p>As people around the world tried to piece together what occurred in Ferguson between a dead man and a living officer, civilians and police alike <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/14/6003733/after-ferguson-police-should-be-wearing-on-body-cameras">began to understand the benefits of body cameras</a>. Representatives of Black Lives Matter <a href="https://blacklivesmatter.ca/demands/">called</a> for more body cameras alongside major police organizations. It was a virtually unanimous agreement at first: body cams would hold both police and civilians accountable. But there was a pact underlying those mutual calls &mdash; a tacit agreement that taxpayer-purchased body camera videos should be available to taxpayers.</p>

<p>That pact was best explained by police leaders themselves. In a 2014 <a href="http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Free_Online_Documents/Technology/implementing%20a%20body-worn%20camera%20program.pdf">report</a> from the Police Executive Research Forum, the group&rsquo;s executive director, Chuck Wexler, wrote that &ldquo;body-worn camera video footage should be made available to the public upon request not only because the videos are public records but also because doing so enables police departments to demonstrate transparency and openness in their interactions with members of the community.&rdquo;</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>Body cameras could help police leaders build trust with communities</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>The report, released by one of the most respected law enforcement groups in the world, made it clear that body cameras could help police leaders build trust with the communities they served by documenting both the good and the bad. Flattering videos would have to be released along with unflattering ones, videos that exonerated cops along with videos that forced indictments. Transparency was worth it for everyone: civilians would be on camera if they failed to behave themselves in front of cops, and cops would be on camera if they did anything illegal or potentially criminal.</p>

<p>For a while, the rules governing how this would work &mdash; how police departments would build policies to let the public view videos and feel comfortable about having a bunch of cops act as <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2013/4/5/4162478/tasers-axon-flex-cop-camera-takes-aim-at-privacy">roving surveillance cameras</a> &mdash; were written by local legislators governing cities. There were good policies and bad, with some cities making it easier than others for civilians to obtain police video. (The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights and the tech policy group Upturn created a helpful <a href="https://www.bwcscorecard.org">policy scorecard</a> to track which cities were doing what.) But as more police departments spent millions of dollars on body cameras and video storage, police unions, district attorney associations, and other law enforcement lobbying groups began to push for statewide laws restricting transparency. North Carolina, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Kansas, among others, have now instituted counter-transparency body camera laws. Even Missouri &mdash; home of Ferguson &mdash; classified body camera footage as a &ldquo;closed record.&rdquo; If another shooting like the one in Ferguson occurred, and the shooting officer was wearing a body camera, it&rsquo;s almost certain the footage would be withheld from the public until after a trial.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>If another shooting like the one in Ferguson occurred, it’s almost certain the footage would be withheld from the public until after a trial</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>Other states are now also looking to make body cam video extremely difficult to obtain.</p>

<p>In Pennsylvania, the state Senate recently passed <a href="http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/billinfo/billinfo.cfm?syear=2017&amp;sind=0&amp;body=S&amp;type=B&amp;BN=0560">Senate bill 560</a>, which would mirror North Carolina&rsquo;s opaqueness, and allow police to record inside civilian homes without restriction. It just passed the state House.</p>

<p>In Massachusetts, <a href="https://malegislature.gov/Bills/190/S1307">bill S. 1307</a> would mandate that body camera video &ldquo;be kept confidential absent a court order.&rdquo; It has been referred to the state Senate&rsquo;s Joint Committee on Public Safety and Homeland Security.</p>

<p>Arkansas legislators made a smart decision by letting <a href="https://www.billtrack50.com/BillDetail/790873">HB 1248</a> &mdash; a bill that would have made body camera video a &ldquo;confidential record&rdquo; &mdash; die in the state house, at least for now. If Arkansas residents &mdash; and citizens all over the country &mdash; don&rsquo;t pay attention, it&rsquo;s likely that bills like this one will reemerge. Then not only will body camera footage strengthen the surveillance state and fuel <a href="https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/taser-axon-police-body-camera-livestream">facial recognition</a> and <a href="https://theintercept.com/2017/04/30/taser-will-use-police-body-camera-videos-to-anticipate-criminal-activity/">predictive policing systems</a>, it&rsquo;ll also be impossible for civilians to view it &mdash; which, for civilians, is the primary reason body cameras made sense in the first place.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>Their core function is to monitor police activity</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>It&rsquo;s nice that body cameras have given police the opportunity to show the public when officers act heroically, but that&rsquo;s not their core function. Their core function is to monitor police activity, and to provide public documentation when it&rsquo;s needed. If that documentation shows police in a positive light, that&rsquo;s wonderful &mdash; let it be known. But police departments shouldn&rsquo;t be able to push out positive footage while burying the negative. As much as police might like to think otherwise, there are plenty of &ldquo;bad apples&rdquo; working inside the nation&rsquo;s 18,000-plus police departments. Body camera footage should help to remove some of them from the bunch.</p>

<p>All over the country, state legislatures are making that difficult as they push to shield body camera footage from public records laws. That push may set up further opportunities for police departments in Hamden, Topeka, and elsewhere to tell &ldquo;a good story&rdquo; about their officers instead of a bad one. But for the public, the larger story isn&rsquo;t a good one at all.</p>
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			<author>
				<name>Matt Stroud</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[Chicago’s predictive policing tool just failed a major test]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/19/12552384/chicago-heat-list-tool-failed-rand-test" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2016/8/19/12552384/chicago-heat-list-tool-failed-rand-test</id>
			<updated>2016-08-19T10:28:04-04:00</updated>
			<published>2016-08-19T10:28:04-04:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Policy" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Report" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Struggling to reduce its high murder rate, the city of Chicago has become an incubator for experimental policing techniques. Community policing, stop and frisk, &#8220;interruption&#8221; tactics &#8212; the city has tried many strategies. Perhaps most controversial and promising has been the city&#8217;s futuristic &#8220;heat list&#8221; &#8212; an algorithm-generated list identifying people most likely to be [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<p>Struggling to reduce its high murder rate, the city of Chicago has become an incubator for experimental policing techniques. Community policing, stop and frisk, &#8220;<a href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-ceasefire-funds-frozen-as-chicago-shootings-climb-20151009-story.html">interruption</a>&#8221; tactics &mdash; the city has tried many strategies. Perhaps most controversial and promising has been the city&rsquo;s futuristic &#8220;heat list&#8221; &mdash; an algorithm-generated list identifying people most likely to be involved in a shooting.</p>

<p>The hope was that the list would allow police to provide social services to people in danger, while also preventing likely shooters from picking up a gun. But <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11292-016-9272-0">a new report from the RAND Corporation</a> shows nothing of the sort has happened. Instead, it indicates that the list is, at best, not even as effective as a most wanted list. At worst, it unnecessarily targets people for police attention, creating a new form of profiling.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>It unnecessarily targets people for police attention</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>Funded through <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2014/2/19/5419854/the-minority-report-this-computer-predicts-crime-but-is-it-racist">a $2 million grant from the National Institute of Justice</a>, the list&rsquo;s algorithm identifies people by looking not only at arrests, but also whether someone is socially connected with a known shooter or shooting victim. The program also has a kind of pre-crime feature in which police visit people on the list before any crime has been committed.</p>

<p>One of the list&rsquo;s most promising aspects was that it wasn&rsquo;t just a police officer who would visit. Social workers would show up, too &mdash; employees of the Chicago Violence Reduction Strategy group at John Jay College. The list was designed to let Chicago police engage with at-risk (and potentially dangerous) citizens, but also to provide social services, such as access to counseling, to people who were in danger.</p>

<p>&#8220;We want to show them the carrot and the stick,&#8221; said Christopher Mallette, executive director of the Chicago Violence Reduction Strategy group, in a conversation with <em>The Verge</em> last year. &#8220;We want them to know they can get help &mdash; but we also want them to know that if they don&rsquo;t keep in line, there&rsquo;s a jail cell waiting for them.&#8221;</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>&quot;We want to show them the carrot and the stick.&quot; </p></blockquote></figure>
<p>CPD wasn&rsquo;t shy about touting the importance of the list, later rebranded as the Strategic Subjects List, or SSL. In 2014, the CPD official in charge of the program, Commander Jonathan Lewin, <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2014/2/19/5419854/the-minority-report-this-computer-predicts-crime-but-is-it-racist">told <em>The Verge</em></a>: &#8220;This will inform police departments around the country and around the world on how best to utilize predictive policing to solve problems. This is about saving lives.&#8221;</p>

<p>But the study from RAND, which was granted extraordinary access to CPD when it launched the list in 2013, found that the program has saved no lives at all. The RAND researchers were allowed to view the list, sit in on internal meetings, and generally observe how the tool was being used. They discovered that CPD wasn&rsquo;t using the list as a way to provide social services; instead, CPD was using it as a way to target people for arrest.</p>

<p>&#8220;The individuals on the SSL were considered to be &lsquo;persons of interest&rsquo; to the CPD,&#8221; according to <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11292-016-9272-0">the report</a>. &#8220;Overall &#8230; there was no practical direction about what to do with individuals on the SSL, little executive or administrative attention paid to the pilot, and little to no follow-up with district commanders.&#8221;</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>CPD was using it as a way to target people for arrest.</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>John S. Hollywood, one of the report&rsquo;s authors, explained to <em>The Verge</em> that there were as many as 11 different violence reduction initiatives going on within CPD at the time the list was being rolled out. &#8220;The list just got lost,&#8221; he said.</p>

<p>It was no surprise, then, that when Hollywood and his colleagues compiled data to figure out whether the list changed the city&rsquo;s murder rate or reduced the likelihood that someone on the list might be involved in a shooting, they found it made no significant difference.</p>

<p>&#8220;[A]t-risk individuals were not more or less likely to become victims of a homicide or shooting as a result of the SSL, and this is further supported by city-level analysis finding no effect on the city homicide trend,&#8221; according to the report.</p>

<p>Instead of being used to prevent violence, the list essentially served as a way to find suspects after the fact. &#8220;We do find, however, that SSL subjects were more likely to be arrested for a shooting,&#8221; the report said.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>The list essentially served as a way to find suspects after the fact</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>CPD&rsquo;s Lewin declined to comment about the report, but CPD <a href="http://4abpn833c0nr1zvwp7447f2b.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/RAND_Response-1.pdf">issued a press release in response</a>. It stressed that RAND &#8220;evaluated a very early version&#8221; of the list, &#8220;which has since evolved greatly and has been fully integrated with the Department&rsquo;s management accountability process.&#8221; It also points out that &#8220;the prediction model discussed in the report is the very early, initial model (Version 1), developed in August, 2012. We are now using Version 5, which is significantly improved.&#8221;</p>

<p>Hollywood agreed that the list was in an early stage when it was evaluated, and that it&rsquo;s possible that it has improved. (CPD has agreed to allow RAND researchers to evaluate an updated version of the list, Hollywood said.)</p>

<p>The RAND report is significant, however, as a rare look at the effectiveness of a major predictive policing tool that was touted as the future of policing &mdash; and may instead be a failed experiment.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignleft"><blockquote><p>&quot;Creating a data-driven ‘most-wanted’ list misses the value.&quot;</p></blockquote></figure>
<p>Andrew G. Ferguson, a law professor and predictive policing expert at the University of the District of Columbia, summarized the problems identified in the RAND report.</p>

<p>&#8220;Just creating a data-driven &lsquo;most-wanted&rsquo; list misses the value of big data prediction,&#8221; Ferguson said in an email. &#8220;The ability to identify and proactively intervene in the lives of at risk youth is a positive, but you have to commit to the intervention piece.&#8221;</p>

<p>&#8220;Just directing police toward those individuals for traditional policing is not enough,&#8221; he said.</p>
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			<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>Matt Stroud</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[In a week of police violence, Wall Street won]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/7/13/12171756/police-violence-taser-motorola-northrup-firearm-stocks-jump" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2016/7/13/12171756/police-violence-taser-motorola-northrup-firearm-stocks-jump</id>
			<updated>2016-07-13T12:00:06-04:00</updated>
			<published>2016-07-13T12:00:06-04:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Motorola" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Policy" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Report" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Tech" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Official Police Business is a weekly column and newsletter by reporter Matt Stroud about new developments in police technology, and the ways technology is changing law enforcement &#8212; think body cameras, cell-site simulators, surveillance systems, and electroshock weapons. Sign up to receive OPB in your email every Wednesday at officialpolicebusiness.com, or check for it here [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<img alt="" data-caption="" data-portal-copyright="Scott Davidson via &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.flickr.com/photos/webhostingreview/3090392251/&quot;&gt;Flickr&lt;/a&gt;" data-has-syndication-rights="1" src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/assets/4460041/3090392251_911be4dfaf_z.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" />
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<p><em>Official Police Business is a weekly column and newsletter by reporter Matt Stroud about new developments in police technology, and the ways technology is changing law enforcement </em>&mdash; <em>think body cameras, cell-site simulators, surveillance systems, and electroshock weapons. Sign up to receive OPB in your email every Wednesday at </em><a href="http://officialpolicebusiness.com/"><em>officialpolicebusiness.com</em></a><em>, or check for it here at </em>The Verge<em>.</em></p>

<p>Within hours of Alton Sterling&rsquo;s death at the hands of Baton Rouge police, cellphone video of the shooting had been posted and protests begun. But more than a day and a half later, the body camera footage from the incident still hadn&rsquo;t emerged. Around that time, Louisiana State Rep. Denise Marcelle told <a href="http://www.wafb.com/story/32371223/coroner-man-shot-by-brpd-multiple-times-to-chest-and-back-two-officers-placed-on-leave">local news station WAFB</a> that &#8220;she was told by Baton Rouge Police Chief [Carl] Dabadie [that] the body cameras worn by both officers fell off during the incident and do not show the shooting.&#8221;</p>

<p>Let&rsquo;s assume you believe that&rsquo;s true. (It&rsquo;s very possible <a href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20160708/08263534920/two-days-two-shootings-two-sets-cops-making-recordings-disappear.shtml">you don&rsquo;t</a>.) This would be a very big failure for technology that was supposed to help in exactly these scenarios. Apparently <em>both</em> officers were wearing cameras? And <em>both</em> of the cameras fell off? And <em>neither</em> of the cameras recorded <em>any</em> usable footage? Of a police killing that&rsquo;s roiling the entire nation?</p>
<p><q class="right">The body cameras used by Baton Rouge police failed to work</q></p>
<p>It&rsquo;s no surprise then that when <em>Popular Science</em> <a href="http://www.popsci.com/wheres-baton-rouge-police-body-camera-footage">published a story</a> saying that the company behind the camera was likely Taser International, based on a January article from <a href="http://blogs.theadvocate.com/cityhallbuzz/2016/01/28/baton-rouge-police-switching-body-camera-vendor-to-taser/">a Baton Rouge newspaper</a>, Taser&rsquo;s PR team went into high gear. About five hours later, Taser <a href="https://twitter.com/OfficialTASER/status/750822924425179136">had a scoop</a>: &#8220;@PopSci is WRONG! Per BRPD: &lsquo;No Taser cameras were, at the time of the shooting, deployed and there are none deployed now.&rsquo;&#8221; The Baton Rouge Police Department had issued a statement specifically to Taser, clarifying that none of its cameras had failed.</p>

<p>The man behind Taser&rsquo;s corporate Twitter account, Steve Tuttle, then spent hours correcting as many Twitter users as possible about <em>PopSci</em>&rsquo;s misconception: Taser wasn&rsquo;t behind the faulty body cameras. The company behind them was, well, Tuttle wouldn&rsquo;t say which company it was. (<a href="https://twitter.com/BrynStole/status/750886421154533376">It was Motorola</a>.) But one thing was for sure: Taser certainly was not.</p>

<p>Never mind that &mdash; as readers of <em>Official Police Business</em> <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2016/6/29/12059122/police-tech-violence-taser-bruce-kelly-jr-case">will find unsurprising</a> &mdash; the officers who shot Sterling had in fact <a href="http://theadvocate.com/news/16311988-77/report-one-baton-rouge-police-officer-involved-in-fatal-shooting-of-suspect-on-north-foster-drive">tried to use a Taser on him</a>, which proved useless. (Eighty-two percent of Taser&rsquo;s nearly <a href="http://investor.taser.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=1069183-16-148&amp;CIK=1069183">$200 million in net sales last year</a> came from its Taser weapons segment; only 18 percent came from the Axon body camera division.) Never mind that Sterling&rsquo;s killing was only one of several deadly police incidents in recent days &mdash; none of which were helped by officers wearing body cameras. The market reacted with cheers regardless.</p>
<p><q class="left"><span>Taser&rsquo;s NASDAQ-traded stock jumped nearly 17 percent</span></q></p>
<p>Between July 5th and July 11th, Taser&rsquo;s NASDAQ-traded stock jumped nearly 17 percent. And Taser wasn&rsquo;t alone. The stock price of one of its body camera competitors, Digital Ally, jumped 68 percent between July 7th and July 8th. Even the stock value of Motorola &mdash; the company that provided the evidently useless body cameras to Baton Rouge Police Department &mdash; jumped 4 percent between July 6th and July 11th. Of course, body cameras are a very small part of Motorola&#8217;s $11.8 billion business. But it seems telling that even the stock of the company selling an utterly ineffective body camera suffered no negative consequences.</p>

<p>It&rsquo;s tough to imagine anyone or anything emerging victorious from a seven-day stretch of violence like the one we&rsquo;ve just seen: Alton Sterling was killed by two white cops in Baton Rouge. <a href="http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2016/07/07/3796061/philando-castile-shooting/">Philando Castile</a> was shot to death by a police officer during a traffic stop in Falcon Heights, Minnesota in front of his girlfriend and his child. Five police officers were <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/live/news-dallas-shooting-protest/">killed by 25-year-old sniper Micah Xavier Johnson</a> in Dallas, Texas. And there <a href="http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/ap/general/sheriff-inmate-kills-2-bailiffs-at-michigan-courth/nrw57/">were</a> <a href="http://www.9and10news.com/story/32403517/authorities-highway-gunman-motivated-by-police-shootings">others</a>. But if anyone or any group can be considered a winner amid all this tragedy and chaos, it&rsquo;s the companies that sell gear to cops. In the same way that gun sales and stock values for public firearm manufacturers rise after mass shootings, cop company stocks rise in the wake of police-involved tragedies. And that occurs despite the fact that some of these events are glaring examples of their gear failing to work properly.</p>
<p><q class="right"><span>Cop company stocks rise in the wake of police-involved tragedies</span></q></p>
<p>I wasn&rsquo;t completely convinced of this until Monday morning. Up until that point, the maker of the robot used to kill the Dallas sniper hadn&rsquo;t yet been revealed. What this robot had been used to do <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2016/7/8/12129348/dallas-shooting-bomb-robot">was unprecedented</a> in the United States. These wheeled, remote-controlled robots are typically used to dispose of bombs. Indeed, Tim Trainer, vice president of sales at Endeavor Robotics &mdash; a maker of bomb disposal robots &mdash; <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/09/opinions/dallas-robot-questions-singer/index.html">told CNN</a>: &#8220;Our whole purpose is to keep people at a safe distance from hazardous conditions.&#8221;</p>

<p>But in Dallas, when police were faced with circumstances in which they would&rsquo;ve had to put themselves in harm&rsquo;s way, they concocted a plan to strap C4 explosives to a robot&rsquo;s arm, detonating it to kill Johnson. On Monday, the robot and its maker were revealed: it was <a href="http://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/Remotec/Pages/default.aspx%20Northrup%20Grumman%27s%20Remotec%20Robotic%20Andros%20UGV">Northrup Grumman and its Remotec Andros UGV</a>. Northrup&rsquo;s stock price peaked on Monday at $223.80 per share &mdash; higher than it&rsquo;s ever been, and up 5 percent since closing two weeks earlier at $212.89.</p>

<p>The two major firearm stocks &mdash; Smith &amp; Wesson, and Sturm Ruger &mdash; are at <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jul/08/smith-wesson-gun-stock-market-dallas-shooting">nearly all-time highs</a> as well. Mace, the public company known for its police pepper spray, <a href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/dallas-police-ambush-investors-bid-up-shares-in-body-cameras-tasers-mace-gun-stocks/">is up, too</a>.</p>
<p id="BXKh6G"><q class="center"><span>When there&rsquo;s chaos in policing, it&rsquo;s time to invest</span></q></p>
<p>It seems the markets have spoken: when there&rsquo;s chaos in policing, it&rsquo;s time to invest. Even in cases where tech failed, more tech is the answer.</p>

<p>There&rsquo;s a weird logic to this. In the wake of these tragedies, people demand solutions &mdash; anything to quell the violence and uncertainty. While changing training, policies, and procedures is fraught and difficult work, companies such as Taser International and Motorola and Northrup Grumman offer a different path: a promise of something new and improved that police departments can buy that can help to make things right again. It doesn&rsquo;t matter that body cameras failed in Baton Rouge. It doesn&rsquo;t matter that a Taser didn&rsquo;t do what it was meant to do. What matters is that, with a little American ingenuity, these things might be perfected, and maybe next time they&rsquo;ll work. Maybe it&rsquo;s time to take stock.</p>
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					</entry>
			<entry>
			
			<author>
				<name>Matt Stroud</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[Why Taser is fighting to appeal a lawsuit it won]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/7/6/12108250/taser-supreme-court-appeal-weapons-gun-competition" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2016/7/6/12108250/taser-supreme-court-appeal-weapons-gun-competition</id>
			<updated>2016-07-06T14:08:21-04:00</updated>
			<published>2016-07-06T14:08:21-04:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Policy" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Report" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Tech" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Official Police Business is a weekly column and newsletter by reporter Matt Stroud about new developments in police technology, and the ways technology is changing law enforcement &#8212; think body cameras, cell-site simulators, surveillance systems, and electroshock weapons. Sign up to receive OPB in your email every Wednesday at officialpolicebusiness.com, or check for it here [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<p><em>Official Police Business is a weekly column and newsletter by reporter Matt Stroud about new developments in police technology, and the ways technology is changing law enforcement </em>&mdash; <em>think body cameras, cell-site simulators, surveillance systems, and electroshock weapons. Sign up to receive OPB in your email every Wednesday at </em><a href="http://officialpolicebusiness.com/"><em>officialpolicebusiness.com</em></a><em>, or check for it here at </em>The Verge<em>.</em></p>

<p>In January, judges on a federal circuit court instructed police departments to treat Tasers similarly to the way they treat firearms &mdash; as deadly weapons that can&#8217;t be used when someone is merely resisting arrest. Those instructions were a big deal, setting policing precedent for departments in five states, and potentially leading the way for much more stringent rules about how Tasers are used by police nationwide.</p>

<p>Taser International, the company that exclusively produces and sells those electroshock weapons to police departments, filed a court document on June 13th asking the United States Supreme Court to give the circuit court&rsquo;s instructions a second look. Taser&rsquo;s move made sense: if the instructions go unchallenged, some police departments could change use-of-force policies to place Tasers more in line with firearms than with less-lethal devices. Taser International would thus risk competing directly with gun manufacturers to provide police departments with weapons, threatening the company&rsquo;s business model.</p>
<p><q class="right"><span>Taser International would risk competing directly with gun manufacturers </span></q></p>
<p>The case stretches back to April 23rd, 2011. That day, Ronald Armstrong &mdash; a man who suffered from bipolar disorder and paranoid schizophrenia &mdash; had been off his medications for nearly a week, and began attempting to puncture the skin of his leg &#8220;to let the air out.&#8221; Observing this, his sister convinced him to go with her to nearby Moore Regional Hospital in Pinehurst, North Carolina, to commit himself and get treatment.</p>

<p>At the hospital, Armstrong began the intake process but reconsidered midway through and walked out of the building. Local police were called, and three showed up. But they had no grounds to arrest Armstrong, since he hadn&rsquo;t actually committed any crime. Still, he was acting strangely: he wandered along a busy road by the hospital&rsquo;s entrance, and after the officers convinced him to move to the roadside, he sat on the ground and began eating dandelions and grass, and putting lit cigarettes out on his tongue.</p>

<p>Doctors at the hospital had, by that time, decided Armstrong was a danger to himself. North Carolina law requires that involuntary commitment orders need to be written and notarized before taking effect. The officers had been making sure to keep him in one spot, but they didn&rsquo;t attempt to arrest him before those orders were final. When the orders went through, the three officers approached and surrounded Armstrong, preparing to arrest him. Armstrong resisted by sitting down and wrapping his arms and legs around the post holding up a stop sign.</p>
<p><q class="left"><span>Before long, Armstrong&rsquo;s sister noticed that he&rsquo;d stopped moving</span></q></p>
<p>The officers weren&rsquo;t in the mood to mess around. Within about 30 seconds of the officers being notified that Armstrong&rsquo;s commitment orders had gone through, an officer shocked him five times with a Taser. This worked to get Armstrong away from the stop sign. The officers then cuffed Armstrong, and set him face down on the ground. Before long, Armstrong&rsquo;s sister noticed that he&rsquo;d stopped moving. One officer on scene attempted CPR on Armstrong, and another called emergency medical services. An ambulance arrived shortly thereafter to take him to a local emergency room. He was pronounced dead when he arrived there.</p>

<p>The Armstrong family sued the Village of Pinehurst in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina on May 20th, 2013, accusing the officers of violating Armstrong&rsquo;s Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights by using excessive force. The family also sued Taser International, but Taser was dismissed from the case early on since the company&rsquo;s training literature <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2013/12/13/5207534/why-taser-is-paying-millions-in-secret-suspect-injury-or-death">has warned, since 2009, that Tasers exposure can &#8220;result in death or serious injury.&#8221;</a></p>

<p>A judge in the U.S. District Court granted summary judgement in favor of the Pinehurst officers, asserting that they were protected by &#8220;qualified immunity&#8221; &mdash; the legal doctrine that <a href="https://leb.fbi.gov/2012/september/qualified-immunity-how-it-protects-law-enforcement-officers">protects police officers from prosecution in most situations</a>. The family appealed, and, in January, a panel of judges on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit issued <a href="http://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinions/published/151191.p.pdf">an opinion</a> agreeing with the lower court that the Pinehurst officers were not subject to liability in this case. But the Fourth Circuit added a precedent-setting caveat.</p>
<p><q class="center"><span>The Fourth Circuit added a precedent-setting caveat</span></q></p>
<p>&#8220;Where, during the course of seizing an out-numbered mentally ill individual who is a danger only to himself, police officers choose to deploy a taser in the face of stationary and non-violent resistance to being handcuffed, those officers use unreasonably excessive force,&#8221; the opinion read. &#8220;Law enforcement officers should now be on notice that such taser use violates the Fourth Amendment.&#8221; Clarifying this point, the opinion stated that &#8220;taser use is unreasonable force in response to resistance that does not raise a risk of immediate danger,&#8221; and that &#8220;&lsquo;physical resistance&rsquo; is not synonymous with &lsquo;risk of immediate danger.&rsquo;&#8221;</p>

<p>In other words: From that point forward, police under the Fourth Circuit&rsquo;s jurisdiction needed to start rethinking &mdash; and redefining, in policies &mdash; how Tasers are used on the street.</p>

<p>That decision sent shockwaves throughout departments<strong> </strong>in the region, which includes Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. Police departments all over the region were advised to <a href="http://www.thestate.com/news/local/crime/article55057760.html">write up new policies taking the Fourth Circuit&rsquo;s opinion into account</a>. Which isn&rsquo;t to say they were happy about it.</p>
<p><q class="right"><span>&#8220;Taser use is severe and injurious regardless of the mode to which the taser is set.&#8221;</span></q></p>
<p>&#8220;All future TASER use is now subject to the Fourth Circuit&rsquo;s pronouncement that &lsquo;Taser use is severe and injurious regardless of the mode to which the taser is set,&rsquo;&#8221; read a <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/home/Matt/Public?preview=2016-Armstrong-v-Village-of-Pinehurst-3.pdf">directive</a> from the North Carolina Justice Academy, which trains police in the state. &#8220;Although that statement is not factually true, today the Court said it, and thus it&rsquo;s now controlling law.&#8221;</p>

<p>Taser use can indeed be severe and injurious; the company&rsquo;s own training manuals clearly state as much. And<strong> </strong>while there is no official tally of deaths connected to Taser use, Amnesty International connected <a href="http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/press-releases/amnesty-international-urges-stricter-limits-on-police-taser-use-as-us-death-toll-reaches-500">at least 500 deaths to Taser use by 2012</a>. More recent estimates put the number of people who died after being shocked with a Taser <a href="http://truthnottasers.blogspot.com/">close to 1,000</a>.</p>

<p>The insistence that Tasers are safe, despite evidence to the contrary, has inspired a very strange thing, however: The Village of Pinehurst &mdash; which technically won in its Fourth Circuit case &mdash; is now appealing the Armstrong decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. And among the &#8220;friend of the court&#8221; briefs filed in favor of that appeal is <a href="http://bit.ly/29egqhk">one from Taser International</a> &mdash; which was dismissed from the case nearly three years ago. Taser International argued that the Fourth Circuit&rsquo;s opinion wasn&rsquo;t consistent with standards throughout the county.</p>

<p>The U.S. Supreme Court should &#8220;resolve the significant conflict between the circuits regarding the propriety of TASER [Conducted Electrical Weapon] use in response to a subject&rsquo;s active yet non-violent resistance to a lawful seizure,&#8221; Taser&rsquo;s filing read. &#8220;A single, familiar standard is essential: When a subject actively resists seizure, officers can use a TASER CEW to gain compliance; but when a suspect does not resist, or has stopped resisting, they cannot.&#8221; It goes on: Taser use should be evaluated &#8220;like any other use of force, on a case-by-case basis&hellip;.&#8221;</p>
<p><q class="left"><span>&#8220;I knew that the chances of getting this overturned in my favor were very slim.&#8221; </span></q></p>
<p>That argument &mdash; and Pinehurst&rsquo;s appeal to the Supreme Court &mdash; is especially surprising to <a href="http://www.crumleyroberts.com/our-firm/attorneys/karonnie-r-truzy/">Karonnie R. Truzy</a>, who represented the Armstrong family. He technically lost &mdash; twice; once in district court, then again in the circuit court &mdash; and still had no intention of appealing the case. &#8220;I knew that the chances of getting this overturned in my favor were very slim,&#8221; he told me last week, &#8220;so there was no way I was going to ask for a rehearing and overturn some very good law that had been established.&#8221;</p>

<p>Truzy believes that the Supreme Court appeal is being pushed by the company itself. Truzy said that a member of Taser&rsquo;s legal team contacted him in January, days after the Fourth Circuit opinion was issued, to suggest that he ask the Fourth Circuit to hear arguments in the Armstrong case again. According to Truzy, the lawyer said Taser would file a friend of the court brief supporting Truzy&rsquo;s appeal for rehearing at the Fourth Circuit level. Truzy declined to file for rehearing, but Taser filed a brief supporting Armstrong anyway. It was <a href="http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/investigations/bs-md-taser-project-legal-20160326-story.html">rejected by the Fourth Circuit</a>, since Truzy hadn&rsquo;t filed anything. Truzy didn&rsquo;t hear anything further until June, when he was informed that Pinehurst would be asking the Supreme Court to hear the case &mdash; and that Taser was now filing a friend of the court brief supporting Pinehurst.</p>
<p>Why is Taser so interested in having this case reheard? Truzy reasons that if police departments need to start thinking about Tasers as something closer on the use of force spectrum to deadly weapons, why would they purchase Tasers at all? A Glock G43 firearm, for example &mdash; a gun often used by police officers &mdash; <a href="http://www.cabelas.com/product/GLOCK-G-FULL-SIZE-PISTOL/2013251.uts">retails for around $550</a>; a Taser X26P is more than double that price, <a href="https://buy.taser.com/x26p/">at $1,199.99</a>. If policies indicate both can only be used in deadly force situations, why would a police department pay double for the weapon that&rsquo;s less lethal by design?</p>
<p>&#8220;Which is why Taser International is screaming very loud,&#8221; Truzy said. &#8220;Because now [the Fourth Circuit] is cutting into Taser&rsquo;s business model.&#8221;</p>
<p><q class="center"><span>&#8220;Who would&rsquo;ve thought the the Fourth Circuit would have had the balls to write what they wrote in their opinion.&#8221;</span></q></p>
<p>&#8220;Who would&rsquo;ve thought the the Fourth Circuit would have had the balls to write what they wrote in their opinion,&#8221; Truzy continued. &#8220;Nobody. No one thought that. And when the Fourth Circuit did that, now Taser International was reeling, along with these other police organizations, because they&rsquo;re like, &lsquo;Wow, we never thought that they would do that.&rsquo; They&rsquo;re completely caught off script&hellip; And, &lsquo;Wow, what&rsquo;s going to happen if this catches on at other circuits? What&rsquo;s going to happen if other circuits start quoting <em>Armstrong</em> in their opinions? There&rsquo;s no way we can let this language stand.&rsquo;&#8221;</p>

<p>Taser&rsquo;s Vice President of Strategic Communications, Steve Tuttle, disagreed, calling Truzy&rsquo;s reading &#8220;way off.&#8221;</p>

<p>&#8220;TASER&rsquo;s amicus brief in support of the Village of Pinehurst&rsquo;s cert petition is based on numerous independent studies clearly demonstrating that an officer&rsquo;s use of a TASER CEW instead of hands-on physical force results in substantially fewer injuries to officers and subjects alike,&#8221; he wrote in an emailed statement. &#8220;Plaintiffs&rsquo; counsel granted blanket consent for any interested party to file an amicus brief in the Supreme Court, which is standard practice.&#8221;</p>

<p>Does Truzy believe the Supreme Court is going to take up the appeal?</p>

<p>&#8220;If you would&rsquo;ve asked me before the appeal was filed, I would&rsquo;ve said no &mdash; because they&rsquo;re not in the habit of taking cases from the winning side just to clarify language within a case,&#8221; Truzy said. But in this case, not only has Taser International filed a friend of the court brief in favor of a rehearing, so has the <a href="http://bit.ly/29cFFAd">National Fraternal Order of Police</a>, and the <a href="http://bit.ly/29fggXC">Southern States Police Benevolent Association</a>.</p>

<p>&#8220;You ask me right now?&#8221; he says. &#8220;I would tell you that I have no idea.&#8221;</p>
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			<author>
				<name>Matt Stroud</name>
			</author>
			
			<title type="html"><![CDATA[A death in Pittsburgh shows how police tech can go horribly wrong]]></title>
			<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/29/12059122/police-tech-violence-taser-bruce-kelly-jr-case" />
			<id>https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/29/12059122/police-tech-violence-taser-bruce-kelly-jr-case</id>
			<updated>2016-06-29T12:00:07-04:00</updated>
			<published>2016-06-29T12:00:07-04:00</published>
			<category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Policy" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Report" /><category scheme="https://www.theverge.com" term="Tech" />
							<summary type="html"><![CDATA[Official Police Business is a weekly column and newsletter by reporter Matt Stroud about new developments in police technology, and the ways technology is changing law enforcement &#8212; think body cameras, cell-site simulators, surveillance systems, and electroshock weapons. Sign up to receive OPB in your email every Wednesday at officialpolicebusiness.com, or check for it here [&#8230;]]]></summary>
			
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<img alt="" data-caption="" data-portal-copyright="&lt;em&gt;Screenshot from Allegheny County District Attorney&#039;s Office via Pittsburgh Post-Gazette&lt;/em&gt;" data-has-syndication-rights="1" src="https://platform.theverge.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/chorus/uploads/chorus_asset/file/6723205/deescalation.jpg?quality=90&#038;strip=all&#038;crop=0,0,100,100" />
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<p><em>Official Police Business is a weekly column and newsletter by reporter Matt Stroud about new developments in police technology, and the ways technology is changing law enforcement </em>&mdash; <em>think body cameras, cell-site simulators, surveillance systems, and electroshock weapons. Sign up to receive OPB in your email every Wednesday at </em><a href="http://officialpolicebusiness.com/"><em>officialpolicebusiness.com</em></a><em>, or check for it here at </em>The Verge<em>.</em></p>

<p>If you want to know what can go wrong when police rely on equipment such as Tasers and pepper spray to combat petty crimes, look no further than the case of Bruce Kelley Jr.</p>

<p>Around 3:30PM, on January 31st this year, Bruce Kelley Jr. and his dad, Bruce Kelley Sr., both African-American, were drinking cans of beer near a public gazebo in Wilkinsburg, a small borough on the City of Pittsburgh&#8217;s eastern border. Two Allegheny County Port Authority Police officers showed up, apparently on a routine patrol, and approached the two men to ask what they were doing.</p>
<p><q class="right"><span>Bruce Kelley Jr. was drinking beer in public when the police approached him</span></q></p>
<p>Drinking in public is illegal in Pennsylvania, and Kelly Jr., who was 37-years-old, had a history of bad interactions with police. Between 1997 and 2016, he&rsquo;d been convicted of charges in a handful of cases involving crimes such as retail theft, marijuana possession, driving under the influence, and criminal trespass. In January, he was on probation after serving time for a burglary charge; an arrest of any kind would&#8217;ve sent him back to lockup. So instead of standing still and talking calmly with the approaching officers, Kelley Jr. said, &#8220;Fuck this! I&#8217;m not going, I&#8217;m not going!&#8221; according to the officers.</p>

<p>The officers were in a predicament. From all indications, they didn&#8217;t know anything about Kelley Jr. &mdash; he could&#8217;ve been a serial killer for all they knew &mdash; and this was now a person who was actively evading a conversation after being observed committing a crime. The officers needed to talk with this guy.</p>
<div id="GhDov1"><div><div><iframe src="//players.brightcove.net/1105443290001/19b4b681-5e7c-4b03-b1ff-050f00d0be3e_default/index.html?videoId=4739630883001&amp;for=embed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="true"></iframe></div></div></div>
<p>But here&#8217;s what transpired after that: one of the officers ended up engaged in a physical fight with Kelly Jr., who soon got away and bear hugged a nearby light pole to avoid getting dragged into a squad car. His dad, then 60 years old, tried to intervene, but was pepper sprayed, subdued, and arrested. The officers weren&#8217;t able to wrestle Kelley Jr. away from the pole, so they used pepper spray on him repeatedly. That didn&#8217;t work to take him down. Kelley Jr. then let go of the pole and continued to walk away. More pepper spray. At this point, Kelley Jr. showed a knife. So the officers tried a Taser on him. That also didn&#8217;t work. Then, backup arrived with a K-9 unit &mdash; a police sergeant and his canine partner, Aren.</p>

<p>Soon thereafter, a surveillance camera finally<a href="http://players.brightcove.net/1105443290001/19b4b681-5e7c-4b03-b1ff-050f00d0be3e_default/index.html?videoId=4739630883001"> began to capture the scene</a>, which showed Kelley Jr. walking away from a swarm of police officers &mdash; maybe 10 in total. They tried to deploy a Taser an estimated five times on Kelley Jr., to no effect. So they brought Aren out. Despite Kelley Jr. telling the officers that he would &#8220;kill that fucking dog&#8221; if it approached, an the K-9 canine sergeant gave Aren the command to attack Kelley Jr. When Kelley Jr. stabbed the dog &mdash; just like he said he would &mdash; two officers on scene fired 11 shots at the man, hitting him seven times. Kelley Jr. died before medical personnel arrived. Aren died on the way to receive treatment.</p>

<p>For months, an investigation has been ongoing into the officers&rsquo; use of deadly force. Last week, Allegheny County District Attorney Stephen Zappala<a href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2891410/Kelley-Jr-Wilkinsburg.pdf"> released a report on the case</a>. It concluded that the officers who shot Kelley Jr. &#8220;were justified in the use of deadly force under all the attendant circumstances.&#8221;</p>
<p><q class="left"><span>Kelley Jr. died before medical personnel arrived</span></q></p>
<p>I imagine Zappala had his hands tied here; it would be difficult to imagine a way for any elected official to bring charges against officers who responded forcefully to Kelley Jr.&#8217;s uncooperative and eventually violent actions. But as a thought experiment, give some consideration to how badly bungled this situation was. The impetus for the arrest was, after all, public drinking &mdash; not a crime that should require a throng of police officers to contend with. And when the officers on scene were ineffective in reasoning with Kelley Jr., they tried a bevy of so-called non-lethal police equipment &mdash; and deployed a K-9 &mdash; all to little effect, before firing their weapons.</p>

<p>It&#8217;s problematic, of course, to make sweeping generalizations about policing based on one incident, but this one feels like a representation of much that needs rethinking in law enforcement: it involved over-criminalizing a petty infraction; failed deescalation; ultimately no charges for anyone; and nominal changes to training procedures and policing policies.</p>

<p>Allegheny County Port Authority&#8217;s CEO<a href="http://www.portauthority.org/paac/NewsEvents/LatestNews/tabid/96/newsid731/1669/mid/731/Officers-return-to-work-after-being-cleared-by-District-Attorneys-Office/Default.aspx"> released a statement last week</a> offering &#8220;our deepest sympathies to the family of Bruce Kelley, Jr.&#8221; and apologizing for<a href="http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2016/02/04/k9-aren-to-be-laid-to-rest-today-after-funeral-procession/"> making an enormous deal out of Aren&#8217;s death</a> while all but ignoring Kelley Jr.&#8217;s family in the aftermath of the shooting. &#8220;While the department was mourning the death of an officer, in hindsight, we shouldn&rsquo;t have had the type of service and procession held for K-9 officer Aren,&#8221; said Port Authority CEO Ellen McLean. &#8220;We regret the insensitivity to the Kelley family during their time of mourning.&#8221; The statement refers to investing &#8220;in the training of an officer in Mental Health First Aid&#8221; as a response to Kelley Jr.&rsquo;s death.</p>
<p><q class="right"><span>At what point are officers justified in </span><em>walking away</em><span> from a situation like this?</span></q></p>
<p>Zappala looked at whether the officers were justified in shooting Kelley Jr. Which is understandable. But at what point are officers justified in <em>walking away</em> from a situation like this? It&rsquo;s not expected, for example, that officers will pursue every high speed car chase; many jurisdictions have <a href="https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-best-way-to-escape-the-police-in-a-high-speed-car-chase">strict rules about when car chases should occur</a>, and the National Institute of Justice has even <a href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/122025NCJRS.pdf">weighed in</a> to suggest restraint in many car chase scenarios. In Kelley Jr.&rsquo;s case, his father was placed into custody shortly after the altercation began, so it&rsquo;s not like officers were without recourse to get Kelley Jr.&rsquo;s information, or possible places where he might&rsquo;ve fled. (Kelley Sr. remains locked up in Allegheny County Jail facing defiant trespass, public drunkenness, and weapons charges. His jury trial is scheduled for July 5.)</p>

<p>What&rsquo;s more, it&#8217;s difficult to imagine the situation escalating to the point it did if the officers hadn&#8217;t shot Kelley Jr. five times with a Taser; if they hadn&#8217;t soaked him repeatedly with pepper spray; and if they hadn&#8217;t called for a horde of officers to ensure one guy didn&#8217;t get drunk in public. In 2015 alone, law enforcement agencies spent nearly $38 million on Tasers, according to data gathered by SmartProcure. One wonders how frequently they&rsquo;re deployed in cases like Kelley Jr.&rsquo;s. Equipment such as Tasers, pepper spray, and other <a href="https://www.themarshallproject.org/2015/09/23/alternatives-to-bullets#.mfU8MSSjL">bullet alternatives</a> are designed to make police encounters less violent and deadly, yet Kelley Jr.&rsquo;s case shows that they can just as easily lead to intensifying violence because the stakes for using them are lower: They&rsquo;re called &#8220;non-lethal&#8221; and &#8220;less-lethal&#8221; for a reason, but even so-called safer weapons can cause chaos when they&rsquo;re used without restraint.</p>
<p><q class="left"><span>They escalated and escalated and escalated</span></q></p>
<p>I wasn&rsquo;t on scene when Kelley Jr. was killed, and I&rsquo;m obviously Monday morning quarterbacking here. But this case seems to show that officers failed to think about where the situation was headed before they went after Kelley Jr. with everything they had. They escalated and escalated and escalated. And that escalation resulted in the deaths of both a person and a trained canine &mdash; a trusted and loyal member of any police force.</p>

<p>What makes me most concerned is that this case will likely be forgotten &mdash; and that cases like this will happen again and again. It&#8217;s as if none of the controversial police-involved deaths of the last two years &mdash; Michael Brown in Ferguson, Freddie Gray in Baltimore, Walter Scott in North Charleston, Eric Harris in Tulsa, and others &mdash; have happened at all. It&#8217;s as if none of the lessons about policies and use of force have really been learned, as if nothing has changed.If cases like this one continue to get pushed aside then one more thing seems abundantly clear: nothing will.</p>
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